Quiz 3

Question 1

US prohibition

Answer 1

1919-1933, Dr. Chales Norris and Alexander Gettler warned of danger of wood alcohol, causing death and blindness

Question 2

Methanol

Answer 2

breaks down into formaldehyde and formic acid in the body as it’s metabolized, formic acid causes delamination of the optic nerve (loss of myelin sheath around nerve fiber)

Question 3

Ethanol

Answer 3

exhibits hormesis, tetatogen (fetal alcohol syndrome) alcohol diffuses through the placenta (conc of fetus blood same as mothers in a few min) metabolizes alcohol faster and stays in fetus longer, causes physical, behavioral and cognitive impairments

Question 4

Traits of fetal alcohol syndrom

Answer 4

loss of philtrum (vertical groove between base of nose and border of the upper lip), epicanthal folds (a skin fold of the upper eyelid covering the inner corner of the eye)

Question 5

Multiple effects of medicines

Answer 5

desired-therapy
undesired-side effects
ex) coumadin (warfarin) is blood thinner that helps with BP but causes bleeding from everywhere
ex) diphenhydramine (Benadryl) is antihistamine but causes drowsiness

Question 6

Allergic reactions

Answer 6

small molecules (haptens) are mostly unnoticed by the immune system, they may eventually combine with a protein to form an antigen which triggers antibiodies
after expose to this happen and antigen-antibody interaction happens (this causes allergic response)

Question 7

immediate toxic effects

Answer 7

occur or develop rapidly after single exposure

Question 8

delayed toxic effects

Answer 8

occur after some period of time

Question 9

Carcinogenic

Answer 9

effects of chemicals can have long latency periods
latency period=time of cancer initiation to time of cancer detection

Question 10

Induction period influences

Answer 10

dose/intensity of exposure
duration of exposure
the type of substance
the type of cancer from exposure
age at exposure
gender
genetics

Question 11

latency

Answer 11

period between disease initiation and detection

Question 12

induction

Answer 12

period between causal action and disease initiation

Question 13

reversible vs irreversible toxic effects

Answer 13

most injuries to liver are reversible because liver tissue regenerates efficiently. Most injures to the CNS are irreversible because the CNS does not regenerate well

Question 14

local vs systemic toxicity

Answer 14

local occur at site of immediate contact
systmeic require absorption and distribution of the molecule from its entry spot to another site at which the effect is produced

Question 15

Spectrum of undesired effects

Answer 15

1)allergic reactions
2)immediate vs delayed toxicity
3)reversible vs irreversible
4)local vs systemic

Question 16

tolerance

Answer 16

reduced toxic response to a chemical because of prior exposure to that chemical or to a structurally similar chemical

Question 17

pharmacokinetics

Answer 17

study of what the body does to the drug or the study of the time course of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

Question 18

pharmacodynamics

Answer 18

study of what the drug does to the body or the relationship between drug concentration at the sit of action and the resulting effect, including the time course and intensity of therapeutic and adverse effects

Question 19

Bernardino ramazzini

Answer 19

published book on occupational disease linking diseases to hazardous chemical exposure
helped establish occupational medicine and occupational toxicology
established importance of prevention rather than cure (like green chemistry)

Question 20

Percivall Pott

Answer 20

recognized role of soot in scrotal cancer
first report of polyaromatic hydrocarbon carcinogenicity
lead to improved medical practices and prevention

Question 21

Source of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)

Answer 21

occur naturally in coal, crude oil, and gasoline
Naphthalene (moth balls) are simplest
also called polycyclic organic matter (POM)
produced by incomplete combustion or high pressure processes when burning coal, oil, gas, wood, garbage, and tobacco

Question 22

formation of PAHs and MOA

Answer 22

many small organic molecules released during burning of fuel, through surface growth and coagulation for PAHs
epoxides covalently bind to N atoms on guanine with epoxide ring opening yielding both cis and trans adducts (disrupts DNA shape)

Question 23

Moth balls

Answer 23

small balls of chemical pesticide, sometimes used when storing clothing and other material from silver fish or clothes moth larvae, used naphthalene (flammable) of 1,4-dichlorobenze (carcinogen) released gasses to kill insects
replaced with camphor

Question 24

Claude Bernard

Answer 24

French physiologist who established use of scientific method in medicine, used blind experiments and established concept of homeostasis, experimented on rabbits

Question 25

Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Serturner

Answer 25

german pharmacist and pioneer of alkaloid chemistry
discovered morphine

Question 26

Morphine

Answer 26

biosynthesized in opium poppy, used as pain reliever, chronic use causes tolerance

Question 27

Morphine MOA

Answer 27

chronic expose to morphine causes phosphorylation of opioid receptors by GRKs
phosphorylation prepare opioid receptors for arrestin binding (arrestin are proteins that in active phosphorylated GPCRs and block interaction with G proteins) Arrestin binding blocks further G protien0mediated signaling inducing desensitization of opioid receptors

Question 28

Morphine affect on body

Answer 28

produces most of its analgesic effects by binding to the mu-opioid receptor with the CNS and PNS

Question 29

CNS

Answer 29

brain and spinal cord

Question 30

PNS

Answer 30

everything else, nerves that travel from you spinal cord and brain to supply your face and rest of your body with signals
autonomic: nervous system processes your brain runs automatically and without you thinking of them
Somatic: functions you manage by thinking about them