Quiz 3 Flashcards
US prohibition
1919-1933, Dr. Chales Norris and Alexander Gettler warned of danger of wood alcohol, causing death and blindness
Methanol
breaks down into formaldehyde and formic acid in the body as it’s metabolized, formic acid causes delamination of the optic nerve (loss of myelin sheath around nerve fiber)
Ethanol
exhibits hormesis, tetatogen (fetal alcohol syndrome) alcohol diffuses through the placenta (conc of fetus blood same as mothers in a few min) metabolizes alcohol faster and stays in fetus longer, causes physical, behavioral and cognitive impairments
Traits of fetal alcohol syndrom
loss of philtrum (vertical groove between base of nose and border of the upper lip), epicanthal folds (a skin fold of the upper eyelid covering the inner corner of the eye)
Multiple effects of medicines
desired-therapy
undesired-side effects
ex) coumadin (warfarin) is blood thinner that helps with BP but causes bleeding from everywhere
ex) diphenhydramine (Benadryl) is antihistamine but causes drowsiness
Allergic reactions
small molecules (haptens) are mostly unnoticed by the immune system, they may eventually combine with a protein to form an antigen which triggers antibiodies
after expose to this happen and antigen-antibody interaction happens (this causes allergic response)
immediate toxic effects
occur or develop rapidly after single exposure
delayed toxic effects
occur after some period of time
Carcinogenic
effects of chemicals can have long latency periods
latency period=time of cancer initiation to time of cancer detection
Induction period influences
dose/intensity of exposure
duration of exposure
the type of substance
the type of cancer from exposure
age at exposure
gender
genetics
latency
period between disease initiation and detection
induction
period between causal action and disease initiation
reversible vs irreversible toxic effects
most injuries to liver are reversible because liver tissue regenerates efficiently. Most injures to the CNS are irreversible because the CNS does not regenerate well
local vs systemic toxicity
local occur at site of immediate contact
systmeic require absorption and distribution of the molecule from its entry spot to another site at which the effect is produced
Spectrum of undesired effects
1)allergic reactions
2)immediate vs delayed toxicity
3)reversible vs irreversible
4)local vs systemic
tolerance
reduced toxic response to a chemical because of prior exposure to that chemical or to a structurally similar chemical
pharmacokinetics
study of what the body does to the drug or the study of the time course of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
pharmacodynamics
study of what the drug does to the body or the relationship between drug concentration at the sit of action and the resulting effect, including the time course and intensity of therapeutic and adverse effects
Bernardino ramazzini
published book on occupational disease linking diseases to hazardous chemical exposure
helped establish occupational medicine and occupational toxicology
established importance of prevention rather than cure (like green chemistry)
Percivall Pott
recognized role of soot in scrotal cancer
first report of polyaromatic hydrocarbon carcinogenicity
lead to improved medical practices and prevention
Source of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)
occur naturally in coal, crude oil, and gasoline
Naphthalene (moth balls) are simplest
also called polycyclic organic matter (POM)
produced by incomplete combustion or high pressure processes when burning coal, oil, gas, wood, garbage, and tobacco
formation of PAHs and MOA
many small organic molecules released during burning of fuel, through surface growth and coagulation for PAHs
epoxides covalently bind to N atoms on guanine with epoxide ring opening yielding both cis and trans adducts (disrupts DNA shape)
Moth balls
small balls of chemical pesticide, sometimes used when storing clothing and other material from silver fish or clothes moth larvae, used naphthalene (flammable) of 1,4-dichlorobenze (carcinogen) released gasses to kill insects
replaced with camphor
Claude Bernard
French physiologist who established use of scientific method in medicine, used blind experiments and established concept of homeostasis, experimented on rabbits
Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Serturner
german pharmacist and pioneer of alkaloid chemistry
discovered morphine
Morphine
biosynthesized in opium poppy, used as pain reliever, chronic use causes tolerance
Morphine MOA
chronic expose to morphine causes phosphorylation of opioid receptors by GRKs
phosphorylation prepare opioid receptors for arrestin binding (arrestin are proteins that in active phosphorylated GPCRs and block interaction with G proteins) Arrestin binding blocks further G protien0mediated signaling inducing desensitization of opioid receptors
Morphine affect on body
produces most of its analgesic effects by binding to the mu-opioid receptor with the CNS and PNS
CNS
brain and spinal cord
PNS
everything else, nerves that travel from you spinal cord and brain to supply your face and rest of your body with signals
autonomic: nervous system processes your brain runs automatically and without you thinking of them
Somatic: functions you manage by thinking about them
