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Pharmacology > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)

A

Any noxious, unintended, undesired effect that occurs at normal drug doses

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2
Q

ADR Mild effects

A

-drowsiness
-itching
-nausea
-rash

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3
Q

ADR severe effects

A

-respiratory depression
-organ injury
-anaphylaxis
-death

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4
Q

Side effect

A

A nearly unavoidable secondary drug effect produced at therapeutic doses

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5
Q

Toxicity

A

Any severe ADR, regardless of the dose that caused it

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6
Q

Allergic Reaction

A

Immune response, the intensity of which is determined by immune system, not dosage

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7
Q

Idiosyncratic Effect

A

Uncommon drug response resulting from a genetic predisposition

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8
Q

Paradoxical effect

A

The opposite of the intended drug response
(Often occurs in the very young and the very old)

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9
Q

Iatrogenic disease

A

Occurs as the result of medical care or treatment, including disease produced by drugs

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10
Q

Physical dependence

A

Body had adapted to drug exposure in such a way that abstinence syndrome will develop if discontinued

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11
Q

Carcinogenic effect

A

The ability of certain medications and chemicals to cause cancers

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12
Q

Teratogenic effect

A

Drug-induced birth defect

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13
Q

Primary site of metabolism is the

A

Kidneys

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14
Q

What is the leading cause of liver failure?

A

Drugs

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15
Q

Combining ______________ drugs increases the risk of _________ injury

A

Hepatotoxic, liver

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16
Q

Dili

A

Drug induced liver injury

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17
Q

QT interval

A

Some medications are not appropriate for patients with a prolonged QT interval

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18
Q

Ways to Minimize ADRs

A

-Early identification is key
-Know major ADRs that a drug can produce
-Monitoring of organ function if toxic drugs are being given
-Individualizing therapy
-Patient teaching

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19
Q

Black box warning

A

-Strongest safety warning a drug can carry and still remain on the market
-Most serious med warning required by FDA

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20
Q

Kidneys

A

-Filter metabolites out of body
-Cumulative exposure can cause damage

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21
Q

Ears

A

-Otoxic reactions cause permanent damage
-Very important to catch it early
-Inner ear affected by drugs*

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22
Q

Lungs

A

Over 600 drugs are pneumotoxic

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23
Q

Medication errors

A

Any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the healthcare professional, patient, or consumer

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24
Q

Causes of Medication Errors

A

Human factors
communication mistakes = 90% of fatal errors!!!*
Name confusion
Packaging, formulations, and delivery services
Labeling and reference materials

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25
Q

Factors affecting individual response

A

Body Composition
Age
Pathophysiology

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26
Q

Body composition

A

If the same dose of a drug is given to a big person and a small person, the drug concentration will be higher in the smaller person

27
Q

Infants have _____________ organ systems

A

Immature

28
Q

Kidney disease reduces rate of

A

Drug excretion- drugs may accumulate to toxic levels

29
Q

Liver disease reduces rate of

A

Drug metabolism- drugs may accumulate to toxic levels

30
Q

Tolerance

A

Decreased responsiveness to a drug as a result of repeated drug administration

31
Q

Comorbidities and drug interactions

A

Drugs taken to manage one condition may complicate management of another condition

32
Q

Diet

A

Good diet can elicit therapeutic responses and reduce harm from ADRs
Some foods can interact with drugs and cause ADRs

33
Q

Patient compliance

A

Manual dexterity and visual acuity
Intellectual capacity and psychological state
Attitude and belief toward drugs
Ability to pay

34
Q

Medication errors can happen

A

at any step in the process
NURSES ARE THE LAST LINE OF DEFENSE

35
Q

Empty stomach

A

1 hour before meal
2 hours after meal

36
Q

Grapefruit juice

A

Slows metabolism of drug, the drug can stay in the body up to 3 times longer

37
Q

Geriatric concerns

A

-Organ Function
-Comorbidities
-Polypharmacy
-Noncompliance

38
Q

Increased body fat %

A

Plasma drug levels reduced

39
Q

Decreased % lean body mass

A

Plasma drug levels increased

40
Q

As a person ages,

A

Rate of absorption slows
Gastric acidity declines

41
Q

Decreased total body water

A

Plasma drug level increased

42
Q

Decreased serum albumin concentration

A

plasma drug levels increased

43
Q

Metabolism and excretion decrease=

A

Drug levels in the body increase

44
Q

Metabolism tends to ___________ with age

A

Decline

45
Q

Excretion begins to ___________ progressively in ___________ _________________

A

Decline, early adulthood
the most important cause of ADRs in older adults

46
Q

ADRs are ___ times more common in

A

7, older adults

47
Q

Important Risk Factors (elderly)

A

-Reduced renal function (drug accumulation)
-Polypharmacy
-Greater severity of illness
-Low therapeutic index drugs
-Increased individual variation
-Inadequate supervision of long-term therapy
-poor adherence to

48
Q

Synthetic Thyroxine (T4) Indication

A

Hyperthyroidism

49
Q

Synthetic Thyroxine (T4) side effects

A

-Tachycardia
-Palpitations
-Dyspnea on exertion
-Goiter

50
Q

Administer Synthetic thyroxine (T4) —

A

On an empty stomach
-most commonly 0730 in the morning in the hospital
-can be given IV or IM if pt is NPO

51
Q

Protein pump inhibitors

A

Pantoprazole (Protonix)
Omperazole (Prilosec)
Lansoprazole (Prevacid)

52
Q

Proton pump inhibitors INDICATIONS

A

Gastroesopageal reflux disease (GERD)
Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)
Stress ulcer prophylaxis - HIGH RISK, very common!!

53
Q

Pantoprazole (Protonix)

A

Given very often in the hospital for stress ulcer prophylaxis

54
Q

Proton Pump inhibitors side effects

A

Cutaneous lupus
C diff
Gastroenteritis
Diarrhea
Bone fracture
Hypomagnesemia

55
Q

Hydrocodone indications

A

Pain
Cough

56
Q

Hydrocodone is given in a _______________ form with other medications

A

Combination

57
Q

Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen

A

Norco, Vicodin, or Lortab for pain

58
Q

Hydrocodone/chlorpheniramine

A

Tussionex for cough

59
Q

Adults can only have __________ of acetaminophen a day

A

4000 mg or 4 g

60
Q

What is there a risk of with acetaminophen?

A

Liver damage

61
Q

Hydrocodone black box warning

A

Addiction, abuse, and misuse
Life threatening respiratory depression
Risks from use with benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants
Interactions with alcohol

62
Q

Hydrocodone adverse reactions

A

Constipation
Itching
Vomiting
Hypotension
CNS depression
Withdrawal

63
Q

Goal of treatment

A

Reduce symptoms
Improve quality of life

64
Q

Older adults have a ____________ in organ function

A

Older Adults- Decline in organ function

Pharmacology (4 decks)

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