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Pharmacology > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)

A

Any noxious, unintended, undesired effect that occurs at normal drug doses

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2
Q

ADR Mild effects

A

-drowsiness
-itching
-nausea
-rash

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3
Q

ADR severe effects

A

-respiratory depression
-organ injury
-anaphylaxis
-death

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4
Q

Side effect

A

A nearly unavoidable secondary drug effect produced at therapeutic doses

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5
Q

Toxicity

A

Any severe ADR, regardless of the dose that caused it

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6
Q

Allergic Reaction

A

Immune response, the intensity of which is determined by immune system, not dosage

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7
Q

Idiosyncratic Effect

A

Uncommon drug response resulting from a genetic predisposition

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8
Q

Paradoxical effect

A

The opposite of the intended drug response
(Often occurs in the very young and the very old)

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9
Q

Iatrogenic disease

A

Occurs as the result of medical care or treatment, including disease produced by drugs

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10
Q

Physical dependence

A

Body had adapted to drug exposure in such a way that abstinence syndrome will develop if discontinued

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11
Q

Carcinogenic effect

A

The ability of certain medications and chemicals to cause cancers

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12
Q

Teratogenic effect

A

Drug-induced birth defect

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13
Q

Primary site of metabolism is the

A

Kidneys

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14
Q

What is the leading cause of liver failure?

A

Drugs

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15
Q

Combining ______________ drugs increases the risk of _________ injury

A

Hepatotoxic, liver

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16
Q

Dili

A

Drug induced liver injury

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17
Q

QT interval

A

Some medications are not appropriate for patients with a prolonged QT interval

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18
Q

Ways to Minimize ADRs

A

-Early identification is key
-Know major ADRs that a drug can produce
-Monitoring of organ function if toxic drugs are being given
-Individualizing therapy
-Patient teaching

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19
Q

Black box warning

A

-Strongest safety warning a drug can carry and still remain on the market
-Most serious med warning required by FDA

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20
Q

Kidneys

A

-Filter metabolites out of body
-Cumulative exposure can cause damage

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21
Q

Ears

A

-Otoxic reactions cause permanent damage
-Very important to catch it early
-Inner ear affected by drugs*

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22
Q

Lungs

A

Over 600 drugs are pneumotoxic

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23
Q

Medication errors

A

Any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the healthcare professional, patient, or consumer

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24
Q

Causes of Medication Errors

A

Human factors
communication mistakes = 90% of fatal errors!!!*
Name confusion
Packaging, formulations, and delivery services
Labeling and reference materials

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25
Factors affecting individual response
Body Composition Age Pathophysiology
26
Body composition
If the same dose of a drug is given to a big person and a small person, the drug concentration will be higher in the smaller person
27
Infants have _____________ organ systems
Immature
28
Kidney disease reduces rate of
Drug excretion- drugs may accumulate to toxic levels
29
Liver disease reduces rate of
Drug metabolism- drugs may accumulate to toxic levels
30
Tolerance
Decreased responsiveness to a drug as a result of repeated drug administration
31
Comorbidities and drug interactions
Drugs taken to manage one condition may complicate management of another condition
32
Diet
Good diet can elicit therapeutic responses and reduce harm from ADRs Some foods can interact with drugs and cause ADRs
33
Patient compliance
Manual dexterity and visual acuity Intellectual capacity and psychological state Attitude and belief toward drugs Ability to pay
34
Medication errors can happen
at any step in the process *NURSES ARE THE LAST LINE OF DEFENSE*
35
Empty stomach
1 hour before meal 2 hours after meal
36
Grapefruit juice
Slows metabolism of drug, the drug can stay in the body up to 3 times longer
37
Geriatric concerns
-Organ Function -Comorbidities -Polypharmacy -Noncompliance
38
Increased body fat %
Plasma drug levels reduced
39
Decreased % lean body mass
Plasma drug levels increased
40
As a person ages,
Rate of absorption slows Gastric acidity declines
41
Decreased total body water
Plasma drug level increased
42
Decreased serum albumin concentration
plasma drug levels increased
43
Metabolism and excretion decrease=
Drug levels in the body increase
44
Metabolism tends to ___________ with age
Decline
45
Excretion begins to ___________ progressively in ___________ _________________
Decline, early adulthood *the most important cause of ADRs in older adults*
46
ADRs are ___ times more common in
7, older adults
47
Important Risk Factors (elderly)
-Reduced renal function (drug accumulation) -Polypharmacy -Greater severity of illness -Low therapeutic index drugs -Increased individual variation -Inadequate supervision of long-term therapy -poor adherence to
48
Synthetic Thyroxine (T4) Indication
Hyperthyroidism
49
Synthetic Thyroxine (T4) side effects
-Tachycardia -Palpitations -Dyspnea on exertion -Goiter
50
Administer Synthetic thyroxine (T4) —
On an empty stomach -most commonly 0730 in the morning in the hospital -can be given IV or IM if pt is NPO
51
Protein pump inhibitors
Pantoprazole (Protonix) Omperazole (Prilosec) Lansoprazole (Prevacid)
52
Proton pump inhibitors INDICATIONS
Gastroesopageal reflux disease (GERD) Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) Stress ulcer prophylaxis - HIGH RISK, very common!!
53
Pantoprazole (Protonix)
Given very often in the hospital for stress ulcer prophylaxis
54
Proton Pump inhibitors side effects
Cutaneous lupus C diff Gastroenteritis Diarrhea Bone fracture Hypomagnesemia
55
Hydrocodone indications
Pain Cough
56
Hydrocodone is given in a _______________ form with other medications
Combination
57
Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen
Norco, Vicodin, or Lortab for pain
58
Hydrocodone/chlorpheniramine
Tussionex for cough
59
Adults can only have __________ of acetaminophen a day
4000 mg or 4 g
60
What is there a risk of with acetaminophen?
Liver damage
61
Hydrocodone black box warning
Addiction, abuse, and misuse Life threatening respiratory depression Risks from use with benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants Interactions with alcohol
62
Hydrocodone adverse reactions
Constipation Itching Vomiting Hypotension CNS depression Withdrawal
63
Goal of treatment
Reduce symptoms Improve quality of life
64
Older adults have a ____________ in organ function
Older Adults- Decline in organ function

Pharmacology (4 decks)

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