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GEOG 475 > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

How should one align features?

A

placing elements such that edges line up along common rows or columns or their bodies along a common center

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2
Q

Why should you align features

A

to create a sense of unity

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3
Q

balance _____ in map layouts

A

empty spaces

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4
Q

what can be used to lead a person through a design

A

the rows and columns of a grid or table can be used explicit the relatedness of elements sharing those rows and columns

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5
Q

should you go box crazy?

A

No

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6
Q

What do re-expressions do?

A

Alternative graphic representation where the structure has been altered through some transformation of the original data

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7
Q

What do re-expressions consist of?

A

Subsets of choosing
Re-ordering time series
Changing the duration of individual frames within a time series

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8
Q

What is static?

A

capturing well-known “snapshot representation” where a single state of a phenomena corresponding to one time is shown

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9
Q

What are the advantages to a more dynamic map?

A

More realistic view of phenomena
Gives clearer idea of how change may be occurring

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10
Q

What is a time series?

A

Emphasizes change through time
Based on sequence of observations taken over time

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11
Q

What are fly-overs useful?

A

if they permit viewers to mentally organize and structure the landscape

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12
Q

Ways to make flyovers easier to understand

A

Superimpose a grid on the screen can be useful
Provide a planimetric view that a viewer can recall when viewing a following flyover view
Planimetric and flyover view simultaneously
add a north arrow

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13
Q

Animations can emphasize location _____ than static maps

A

More

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14
Q

what can help with dynamic visual benchmarks distortions

A

Superimposed grid
Monorail
North arrow
Landmarks

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14
Q

Sequencing

A

Where a map is displayed piece by piece

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14
Q

What can animations do?

A

emphasize location

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15
Q

Visual benchmarks

A

reference points with which other frames of an animation are more compared

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16
Q

dynamic visual benchmarks can use _____ from previous frames

A

ghost images

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17
Q

change blindness

A

failure to detect changes in visual field

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18
Q

Exploratory data analysis (EDA)

A

activity in which unknowns are revealed in a highly interactive environment
visualization is key, dynamics is also used

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19
Q

Four goals of EDA

A

Identify spatial pattern for a single attribute at one time
Compare spatial patterns for 2 or more attributes at one time
Identify how a spatial pattern for a single attribute changes over time (and space)
Compare spatial patterns for 2 or more attributes to see how they co-vary over time and space

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20
Q

Methods of EDA

A

Change color scheme on fly
Vary the symbolization -Change map type (dot, proportional, etc)

Manipulate the user’s viewpoint - Pan and zoom, fly over, use a timeslider

Manipulate data -Standardize the data, apply data classification techniques

Highlight portions of a dataset -Focusing where one highlights a subrange of numeric values
Brushing where highlight an arbitrary set of spatial entities

Provide multiple views - More than one map at a time, small multiples

Animation

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21
Q

What do eye studies do?

A

studies to empirically assess the usefulness of dynamic depictions

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22
Q

What did the weather map animation prove?

A

failed. participats tended to extract information based on perceptual salience rather than thematic relevance

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23
Q

Spatial Individuals

A

have difficulty interpreting abstract spatial representations, such as graphs
showed using more excess variables in their forecasting and maps (for weather map prokect)

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24
Q

High spatial report for the weather map study

A

used fewer variables
used simple displays
put fewer excess variables

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25
Q

The 4 contexts to the web

A

space-spacelessness
place-placelessness
broadcast-listeners
public-private

25
Q

space-spacelessness

A

Focuses on how the internet has changed the concept of geographic space
Collapsed the concept of traditional spatial boundaries
Graphic distance is no longer as important
Can experience distance via a live webcam and pursue the holdings of any digital collection

26
Q

Place-Placelessness

A

Internet has effectively removed the concept of geographic space from the process of individuals mingling together
Ppl can virtually meet and discuss matters without having to meet them in person

27
Q

broadcaster-listeners

A

Deals with the distribution and accessibility of information
Focus is on the exchange of information between the broadcaster and the listeners
Listeners can be more interactive and request/post specific information

28
Q

public-private

A

Deals with the level at which information is accessible by the global community over the internet
Information may be considered to be in the public domain- obtainable without cost
Other info is considered private (financial data, health data) and not immediately available

29
Q

Volunteered Geographic information (VGI)

A

Empowerment of millions of private citizens
Largely untrained
No obvious reward
No guarantee of truth
No authority

30
Q

Socially-sensed data

A

Tweets or social media data
Passive collection of locations using Bluetooth from mobile devices
Open data (census data, open data portals, also at county level)

31
Q

OpenStreetMap

A

Free editable map of the whole world

Allows you to view,edit, and use geographical data in a collaborative way fro anywhere on Earth

Maps are created using cell phones, GPS, imagery etc

Congestion charge zones

32
Q

geotags

A

is the progress of adding geographical identification matadata to various media such as digital photos, video, social media feeds, and is a form of geospatial metadata

33
Q

Geonames

A

geographical database is available for downloaded free of charge under a creative commons attribution license

34
Q

Geohashing

A

Originally developed as a URL shortening service but it is now commonly used for spatial indexing (or spatial binning), location searching, mashups, and creating unique place identifiers

Is a form of geocoding and commonly refers to an area

shorter than regular address, lat/lon

35
Q

Use of geohash: social Networking

A

used by dating apps to find matches within a particular cell and create chat apps

36
Q

Use of geohash: proximity search

A

find nearby locations, identify places of interest and accommodation establishments in an area

37
Q

use of geohash custom interactive apps

A

geohashing can be used to create real-time interactive maps

38
Q

Georeferencing

A

The ability to determine location quickly and easily
Coordinates supplies by GPS, or digitizing efforts, google maps, google earth, plus the other methods we have just been discussing

39
Q

Three types of sensor Networks

A

inert,fixed
carried on moving objexts
human beings

40
Q

Citizen science

A

Network of amateur observers
Trained and skilled

41
Q

Participant populations

A

Open to all- wikimapia, OpenStreetMap
Trained or skilled volunteers- christmas Bird Count
School Children- GLOBE
Vehicle Fleets- INRIX- largest traffic network in the world
Farmers-Precision agriculture
Broadening: the traditional top-down flow form authorities

42
Q

Broadening

A

the traditional top-down flow from authorities

43
Q

VGI and citizen efforts imply_____

A

connectivity

44
Q

Why do people do this map stuffs

A

Altruism
A desire to fill gaps in available data
sharing with friends
self-promotion

44
Q

Alturism

A

a belief that everything on the Web can be found

45
Q

VGI contributions to geography

A

enhancing knowledge of earth
local focus
engaging citizens

46
Q

Unresolved Questions

A

How trustworthy is the data
preservation
social psychology

46
Q

Expert maps

A

soil maps
neogeography

47
Q

Neogeography

A

new world in which the distinction between expert and non-expert disappears
academics love it cause they can weight in

48
Q

Forms of expertise

A

measurement: GPS, coordinate systems, projects

cartography- principles of mapping

subject matter or domain expertise: precision agriculture, hydrology, soils

49
Q

_________ and __________ are applied to understand topics in social media posts and associate topics with locations

A

Latent semantic analysis
topic modeling

50
Q

Web Mapping

A

uses tiles

51
Q

tiles

A

chunks of raster or vector data and represent one of the basic elements of a web map

256 X 256 are the most common

tile coordinates are tuples with three elements
Tile:[zoom, column, row]

Tile coordinantes uniquely identify maps because they include a zoom level

52
Q

Slippy Maps (web map or raster tile)

A

is a map displayed in a browser by seamlessly joining dozens of individually requested image files over the internet

Tiles can be loaded on the fly as the user browses around a map to give the impression of a large seamless image

refers to maps that let you zoom and pan around

53
Q

Leaflet

A

Leaving open-source JavaScript library for mobile-friendly interactive maps

Slippy maps with tile base layers, panning and zooming, and feature layers that you supply. It handles various basic tasks like converting data to map layers and mouse interactions, and it’s easy to extend with plugins. It will also work well across most types of devices

DOESN’T provide the data

framework for showing and interacting with map data

54
Q

GeoJSON

A

Open standard format for encoding a variety of geographic data structures

Popular data format among many GIS technologies and services - Conductive to use with web services, static websites, and distributing datasets for visualization

represent geometry, feature, or collection of features

55
Q

Features in GeoJSON

A

in GeoJSON contain a geometry object and additional properties, and a feature collection represents a list of features

56
Q

ArcGIS Online

A

Provides a common platform for ArcGIS users to discover and share geographic content and to build GIS applications

Can directly connect to maps, layers, tasks, and tools published by ESRI and other ArcGIS users, and you can also upload your own maps and data to share with a broad community of users.

57
Q

3D interface tips

A

Be careful in your use of occlusion/blockage of elements, shadows, perspective
Keep text readable
Avoid:
unnecessary visual clutter
distraction
contrast shift
Reflections (especially in water bodies)
Emphasis on detail and characteristics

58
Q

ArcGIS 3D Analyst

A

ArcGlobe visualizes on a globe, ArcScene
3D features. 3D proximity
Area and volume
Point cloud, for LIDAR data
Triangulated surfaces, for terrain
Skyline tools
Visibility

59
Q

Accessibility Technology

A

Tactile map for visually impaired (3D rendering of area)
Smart canes have audio and voice assistance, vibrating handles

60
Q

Augmented geographic reality

A

Weak link with current GPS accuracy

Outdoor accuracy for GPS is around 10m (weak)

Indoor accuracy for GPS is 2m, better from wifi, ~1m with beacons, <1m with RFID

All augmented reality at ESRI is directed towards AR efforted for mobile devices (what can be done and shown with phones)
Avatars

Tabletop virtual reality
Table is intuitive, we know how to interact

No motion sickness
Developing capabilities like multi touch

Smart sunglasses by Ray Bans and Meta has a camera and 5 mics to capture perspective as the wearer moves around in space

61
Q

Redlining

A

practice of discriminating against residents of an area based on race or ethnicity through systematic politics that deny financial services (esp. mortgages) that are applied based on location

GEOG 475 (3 decks)

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