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GEOG 475 > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Qualitative color Schemes

A

used for nominal/discrete data, different color for each category

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2
Q

Dot Density

A

use dots to represent number of occurrences of given data in particular location

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3
Q

kind of data used for dot density

A

discrete phenomena with smooth variation

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4
Q

Advantages to dot density

A

easy to understand
show variation in space of phenomena
recover original data
good for complex maps
subtle to allow mapping with second of third distribution of other phenomena

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5
Q

Disadvantages to dot density

A

difficult to estimate density
can be representing single instangle
impossible to recover original data value if dots get too dense
computer placement of dots is random and has no meaning

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6
Q

Shapes

A

different shapes imply differences in quality
appropriate size to be distinguishable
use familiar geometric icons to help reader immediately understand the meaning of the symbol

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7
Q

map accuracy can be communicated through …

A

symbolization

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8
Q

people assume ____- are accurate

A

solid lines

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9
Q

dashed-lined or dotted lines are for ______

A

less accurate boundaries
same with blurred or fuzzy symbols

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10
Q

visual variables for animation

A

lightness, duration, rate of change, order, display date, frequency, and synchronization

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11
Q

Lightness

A

different gray tones, to show changes over time

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12
Q

Duration

A

length of time a frame is displayed

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13
Q

scene

A

group of frames

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14
Q

Rate of change

A

magnitude over duration

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15
Q

magnitude of change

A

in position and attributes of entities between frames or scene

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16
Q

what does rate of change represent

A

quantitative data

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17
Q

Order(temporal)

A

sequence frames are presented
can be chronological order or reverse chronological order
lowest to highest
knowledge is gleaned by how information is ordered

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18
Q

Display Date

A

time.a display change is initiated
time stamp should be close to body of map to avoid eyes having to travel a lot

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19
Q

Frequency

A

Number of identifiable states per unit time
temporal textures

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20
Q

synchronization

A

pacing, temporal correspondence

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21
Q

Type

A

shapes a map’s look and effectiveness
considers: type style, weight, form, placement

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22
Q

Font

A

subset of a typeface, includes all letters and numbers of a specific size
used to mean typeface

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23
Q

serifs

A

finishing stokes added to ends of letters

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24
Q

sans serif

A

doesn’t. have finishing strokes

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25
Q

Type variables

A

type style, weight, size, form

26
Q

Why do we use graphic variations in type

A

communicate information on map (larger text to convey more importance or largeness)

27
Q

Quantitative data

A

uses type size, type weight, type form (case, color value)

27
Q

Qualitative Data

A

use type style (capitalization) and type form (spacing, italics, color hue

28
Q

Placement of type

A

best is upper right
second best is upperleft

29
Q

Area label placement guidelines

A

must not cross border of area it describes
must not conflict with any other label or area feature
center the label within areal feature, do not crowd
consider all uppercase to emphasize area extent

29
Q

Guidelines for labels on lines

A

follow linear feature
repeat if line is long
choose straight and horizontal position
no upside down tilts, position above lines
have consistent gaps between lines and label
break other lines for text

30
Q

algorithms

A

label placement is an NP- complete problem

31
Q

what algorithms don’t work well

A

simple approximation algorithms

32
Q

what algorithms are better

A

simulated annealing or generic algorithm

33
Q

Intellectual Hierarchy

A

symbols and map elements are ranked according to their relative importance

33
Q

Visual Variables

A

hue
value
saturation (not on bertins list)
focus(not on bertins list)
transparency(not on bertins list)
resolution (not on bertins list)
shape(not on bertins list)
arrangement(not on bertins list)
texture
orientation
size location
highlight (interactive effect)

34
Q

_______ _______is emphasized while _______ ______ may be less emphasized

A

thematic symbols
base information

34
Q

Visual Weight

A

of map features refers to relative amount of attention they get

35
Q

Visual contrast

A

colors of similar brightness or hues must be distinguishable

36
Q

operational overlays should ________ with baseman

A

contrast

37
Q

Figure-Ground Relationship

A

elements are perceived as either figure or ground

38
Q

stable

A

figure and ground of a composition are clear, figure is better remembered and receives more attention

38
Q

ground

A

elements compose an undifferentiated background

38
Q

figure

A

objects of focus

39
Q

what separates stimulates into figure or ground elements

A

human perceptual system

40
Q

Figure

A

Has a definite shape
Seems closer if a clear location in space
Lower regions of a design (more likely)
Below the horizon line
Higher color intensities
Highly contracting hue produce the best figure ground
yellow black
White-blue
NOT red green and orange blue
Complementary hues create ambiguous figure ground
Red-green
Blue-orange
Longer wavelength (red) stand out more than shorter (green)
Familiar areas (Italy)
Objects with a shadow
Coarse objects
Simple objects

41
Q

Unstable

A

the relationship is ambiguous and the interpretation of elements alternates between figure and ground

41
Q

preattentive processing

A

the mechanism underlying that certain simple shapes “pop-out”

42
Q

Ground

A

Is shapeless
Continues to be behind the figure
Further away with no clear location
Upper regions (more likely)

43
Q

Semantic Depth of field

A

highlight using blur
applies the depth of focus effects from photography to the display of data according to semantic content

44
Q

Using layouts

A

use rulers
consider the importance of the proximity of map elements
be careful about positioning elements in a layout

45
Q

Aligning Features

A

placing elements such that edges line up along common rows or columns or their bodies along a common center

46
Q

What does aligning features do?

A

creates a sense of unity and cohesion

47
Q

Re-expressions

A

alternative graphic representation where the structure has been altered through some transformation of the og data

48
Q

What could Re-expression involve?

A

subsets of choosing
re-ordering time series
changing the duration of individual frames within a time series

49
Q

static

A

capturing well-known “snapshot representation” where a single state of a phenomena corresponding to one time is shown

50
Q

More dynamic view would entail

A

a more realistic view of the phenomena
gives clearer idea of how change may be occurring

51
Q

Time series

A

emphasizes change through time
based on sequence of observations taken over time

52
Q

Fly overs

A

flying over a 3D surface

53
Q

what is a problem for fly overs?

A

visual occlusion

GEOG 475 (3 decks)

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