Quiz 3 Flashcards
Children exposed to more than 40 hours a week of secondhand smoke have an increased risk of suffering from peripheral arterial disease. This is an example of:
An environmental accumulative effect
Evaluate this statement: Crohn’s disease, an inflammatory bowel disease, is caused by a mutation to the nucleotide-binding-oligomerization (NOD) receptors. This is an example of:
A mechanistic explanation
Evaluate this statement: Damage to the heart is tolerated more than damage to the skin.
False: Hearts are intrinsically susceptible to damage
Which of the following was a major lifestyle change that occurred during the 1st epidemiological transition?
a. animal rearing
b. loss of gut helminths
c. increased prevalence of viruses
d. transition from larger to smaller social groups
e. use of soaps and detergents
animal rearing
Cri-du-chat syndrome is caused by the deletion of a section of chromosome 5. Infants die shortly after birth. This disease is caused by:
a genetic defect
Evaluate this statement: The intake polyaromatic hydrocarbons (produced during the process of barbecuing meat) increases the risk of pancreatic cancer in NAT1 and NAT2 individuals by 5%. Is this an example of GxE interaction?
No: because the environmental factor affects both genotypes in the same way
Why is choking unavoidable in humans?
The pathways of the esophagus and the trachea intersect
If symptoms act as signals, which of the following should be true?
- when other people acknowledge the status of the sick individual and start helping, then the symptoms should diminish
- the more sick individuals compete for help and the more scarce potential helpers are, the stronger the expression of symptoms of sick individuals should be
- the placebo effect should be found in symptoms that do not elicit disgust in potentials helpers
- symptoms should be greater when individuals are in social groups rather than in isolation
Evaluate this statement: Given that humans and worms have co-evolved over many millennia, all de-worming programs should be stopped.
No: worms increase human susceptibility to many infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis
The principle of asymmetric harm rests on which of the following assumptions:
No defensive reaction initiated in the presence of a treat typically imposes a large cost
Which of the following was not a major change that occurred during the 2nd epidemiological transition:
a. increased animal contact
b. decreased oral-fecal transmission
c. decreased prevalence of helminths
d. increased use of soaps and detergents
a. increased animal contact
What is an evolutionary explanation for the placebo effect?
symptoms are exaggerated for help; once help is provided symptoms decrease
which of the following is not a desired characteristic of therapeutic worms?
a. produces self-limited colonization of the host
b. multiplies rapidly in the host
c. produces asymptomatic colonization of the host
d. cannot be directly transmitted to close contacts
e. none of the above
b. multiplies rapidly in the host
which of the following would you not expect to see in body systems vulnerable to disease?
a. protective structures such as the rib cage and brain case
b. inability to mount a strong inflammatory response
c. high rates of tissue renewal
d. high energy demands, including strong reliance on oxidative metabolism
e. all of the above are true
c. high rates of tissue renewal
which of the following data suggests that the body’s inflammatory response can be costly?
a. the cytokine storm induced in healthy young men by the 1918 flu epidemic
b. risk of heart disease increases with increased concentration of blood molecules associated with inflammation
c. anti inflammatory drugs prevent heart attacks
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
