quiz Flashcards
what is the mechanism of bronchiectasis? 4 causes
1 - obstruction
2 - atelectasis
3 - necrotising inflammation
4 - dilatation of the airway.
bronchiectasis - chronic inflammation, causes fibrosis and scarring and dilates the airways open.
1 - foreign bodies 2 - tumour 3 - necrotising pneumonia 4 - cystic fibrosis 5 - kartagener's syndrome
what is the mechanism of ARDS? 6 causes.
- this is severe respiratory failure with characteristic histopath findings due to capillary damage via inflammatory mediators. patient becomes hypoxic, respiratory failure. 1 - 2 - shock: all causes inc sepsis 3 - diffuse pulmonary infection 4 - gastric aspiration 5 - oxygen toxicity 6 - radiation injury, 7 - near drowning 8 - dug overdose
what does carcinoid mean?
a neuroendocrine tumour found in the small bowel or the lung. it crops up during medical school as it secretes serotonin which if the tumour metastases to the liver it causes serotonin syndrome. this is flushing (vasodilataton), abdominal cramps and diarrhoea.
whats a hamartoma
where a benign growth resembles the tissue it is found in. i think,.
what respiratory diseases can be associated with HIV infection
1 - pneumonia
2 - malignancy eg kaposi’s sarcoma (herpes virus 8?), burkitt’s lymphoma.
3 - TB
4 - pneumocystis jirovecci pneumonia? PCP
5 - invasive aspergillosis/candidiasis
6 - CMV pneumonitis
7 - non-hodgkin’s lymphoma
8 - interstitial pneumonitis and fibrosis
what is wagner’s granulomatosis?
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), the disease formerly known as Wegener’s granulomatosis (WG), is a systemic disorder that involves both granulomatosis and polyangiitis. It is a form of vasculitis (inflammation of blood vessels) that affects small- and medium-size vessels in many organs. Damage to the lungs and kidneys can be fatal. It requires long-term immunosuppression.
what is goodpasture’s syndrome?
Goodpasture syndrome (GPS; also known as Goodpasture’s disease, anti-glomerular basement antibody disease, or anti-GBM disease) is a rare autoimmune disease in which antibodies attack the lungs and kidneys, leading to bleeding from the lungs and to kidney failure. It may quickly result in permanent lung and kidney damage, often leading to death. It is treated with immunosuppressant drugs such as corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide, and with plasmapheresis, in which the antibodies are removed from the blood.
whats empyema
An empyema is a collection or gathering of pus within a naturally existing anatomical cavity. For example, pleural empyema is empyema of the pleural cavity. It must be differentiated from an abscess, which is a collection of pus in a newly formed cavity.
Name 6 important risk factors for Hospital acquired pneumonia?
Length of time on a ventilator Rise in gastric pH Nasogastric tube Length of time in hospital Extremes of age Chronic respiratory tract disease
