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Anatomy Lab > quiz 2 - tissues > Flashcards

quiz 2 - tissues Flashcards

1
Q

epithelial tissue

A

covers surfaces because cells are in contact
lines hollow organs, cavities, and ducts
forms glands when cells sink under the surface

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2
Q

connective tissue

A

material found between cells
supports and binds structures together
stores energy as fat
provides immunity to disease

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3
Q

muscle tissue

A

cells shorten in length producing movement

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4
Q

nerve tissue

A

cells that conduct electrical signals
detects change inside and outside the body
responds with nerve impulses

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5
Q

tight junction

A

watertight seal between cells
plasma membranes fused with a strip of proteins
common in cells which line the GI and bladder

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6
Q

adherens junctions

A

holds epithelial cells together
plaque - dense layer of proteins inside the cell membrane
microfilaments - extend into the cytoplasm
integral membrane proteins - connect to the membrane of the other cell

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7
Q

desmosomes

A

resist cellular separation and cell disruption
similar structure to adherens junction except intracellular intermediate filaments cross the cytoplasm of cell
cellular support of cardiac muscle

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8
Q

hemidesmosomes

A

half a desmosome
connects cells to extracellular material - basement membrane

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9
Q

gap junctions

A

tiny space between the plasma membrane of two cells
crossed by channel proteins called connexons forming fluid filled tunnels
cell communication with ions and small molecules and nerve impulses spread from cell to cell - heart and smooth muscle of gut

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10
Q

epithelial tissue

A

closely packed cells forming continuous sheets
cells sit on the basement membrane
apical free surface
avascular - without blood cells - nutrients diffuse in from underlying connective tissue
good nerve supply
rapid cell division
covering/ lining vs glandular types

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11
Q

basement membrane

A

basal lamina - from epithelial cells - collagen fibers
reticular lamina - secreted by connective tissue cells - reticular fibers
holds cells to connective tissue
guide for cell migration during development

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12
Q

covering and lining epithelium

A

epidermis of skin
lining of blood vessels and ducts
lining respiratory, reproductive, urinary, and GI tract

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13
Q

glandular epithelium

A

secreting portion of glands
thyroid, adrenal and sweat glands

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14
Q

simple epithelium

A

one cell layer thick

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15
Q

stratified epithelium

A

many cell layers thick

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16
Q

pseudostratified epithelium

A

single cell layer where all cells don’t reach the apical surface

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17
Q

squamous epithelium

A

flat

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18
Q

cuboidal epithelium

A

cube like

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19
Q

columnar

A

tall column

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20
Q

transitional

A

shape varies with tissue stretching

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21
Q

simple squamous epithelium

A

single layer of flat cells
lines blood vessels and body cavities
very thin controls osmosis, filtration, and diffusion
centrally located nuclei
cells in direct contact with each other

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22
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A

single layer of cube shaped cells when viewed from the side
nuclei are round and centrally located
lines tubes of the kidney
absorption or secretion

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23
Q

nonciliated simple columnar

A

single layer of rectangular cells
unicellular glands - goblet cells secrete mucus - lubricate respiratory, urinary, GI, and reproductive systems
microvilli - fingerlike projections - help with absorption along the GI tract

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24
Q

ciliated simple columnar epithelium

A

single layer rectangular cells with cilia
mucus from goblet cells moved along by cilia - found in respiratory system and uterine tubes

25
Q

stratified squamous epithelium

A

several layers thick
surface cells flat
keratinized - filled with keratin - skin - epidermis
non keratinized - keratin in the moist living cells at the surface - mouth + vagina

26
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

multilayered
surface cells cuboidal
rare - found only in sweat gland ducts and male urethra

27
Q

stratified columnar epithelium

A

multilayered
surface cells columnar
rare - very large ducts and part of the male urethra

28
Q

transitional epithelium

A

multilayered
surface cells varying in shape from round to flat if stretched
lines hollow organs which expand from within - urinary bladder

29
Q

pseudostratified columnar

A

single cell layer
all cells attach to basement membrane but not all reach the free surface
nuclei at varying depths
respiratory system, male urethra, epididymis

30
Q

glandular epithelium

A

derived from epithelial cells which sank below the surface during development

31
Q

exocrine glands

A

cells which secrete - sweat, saliva, earwax, digestive enzymes - onto free surface of the epithelial layer
connected to surface by tubes - ducts
unicellular glands or multicellular glands

32
Q

endocrine glands

A

secrete hormones into the
hormones help maintain homeostasis

33
Q

connective tissue ground substance

A

supports the cells and fibers
helps determine the consistency of the matrix - fluid, gel, or solid
contains many large molecules
- hyaluronic acid - thick, viscous, and slippery
- chondroitin sulfate - jellylike substance providing support
- adhesion proteins bind collagen fibers to ground substance

34
Q

collagen

A

25% of the protein in the body
tough, resistant to pull, yet pliable
formed from the protein collagen

35
Q

elastin

A

lungs, blood vessels, ear cartilage
smaller protein fibers formed from the protein elastin surrounded by glycoprotein
can stretch up to 150% of relaxed length and return to its original shape

36
Q

reticular

A

spleen and lymph nodes
thin, branched fibers which form the framework of organs
formed from protein collagen

37
Q

mesenchyme

A

irregularly shaped cells
in semifluid ground substance with reticular fibers
gives rise to all other types of connective tissue

38
Q

mucous connective tissue

A

star shaped cells in jellylike fluid
found only in the umbilical cord

39
Q

areolar connective tissue

A

fibroblasts, microphages, plasma cells, mast cells, a few white blood cells
all three types of fibers present
gelatinous ground substance
nuclei are mainly fibroblasts

40
Q

adipose tissue

A

peripheral nuclei due to large fat storage droplet
deeper layer of skin, organ padding, yellow marrow
reduces heat loss, energy storage, protection
brown fat found in infants has more blood vessels and mitochondria and is responsible for heat generation

41
Q

reticular connective tissue

A

network of fibers and cells which produce framework of the organ
holds organ together - liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow

42
Q

dense regular connective tissue

A

collagen fibers in bundles with fibroblasts between the parallel bundles
white, tough, and pliable when unstained - forms tendons
also known as white fibrous connective tissue

43
Q

dense irregular connective tissue

A

collagen fibers are irregularly arranged
tissue can resist tension from any direction
very tough tissue - white of eyeball, dermis of skin

44
Q

elastic connective tissue

A

branching elastic fibers and fibroblasts
can stretch and still return to its original shape
ling tissue, vocal tissue, ligament between vertebrae

45
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

bluish-shiny white rubbery substance
chondrocytes sit in spaces called lacunae
no blood vessels or nerves so repair is very slow
reduces friction at joints as articular cartilage

46
Q

fibrocartilage

A

many more cartilage fibers cause rigidity and stiffness
strongest type of cartilage - intervertebral disks

47
Q

elastic cartilage

A

elastic fibers help maintain shape after deformations
ear, nose, and vocal cartilages

48
Q

nerve tissue

A

cell types - nerve cells and neuroglial cells
nerve cell structure
nucleus and long cell processes conduct nerve signals
dendrite - signal travels toward soma
axon - signal travels away from soma

49
Q

smooth muscle

A

spindle like cells with a single, centrally located nuclei
walls of hollow organs - blood vessels, gi tract, bladder
involuntary and nonstriated

50
Q

cardiac muscle

A

cells are branched cylinders
involuntary and striated
attached to and communicate with each other by intercalated disks and desmosomes

51
Q

skeletal muscle

A

cells are long cylinders with peripheral nuclei
visible light and dark banding
appears striated
voluntary - conscious - control

52
Q

synovial membrane

A

line the joint cavities of all freely movable joints
no epithelial cells - just special cells which secrete slippery fluid

53
Q

serous membranes

A

simple squamous cells overlying loose CT layer
squamous cells secrete a slippery fluid
lines a body cavity which does not open to the outside such as abdominal cavity
- pleura, peritoneum, and pericardium
- membrane or walls of cavity - parietal layer
- membrane over organs in cavity - visceral layer

54
Q

mucous membranes

A

lines a body cavity that opens to the outside - mouth + vagina
epithelial cells form a barrier to microbiomes
tight junctions between cells
mucous secreted from underlying glands to keep surface moist

55
Q

blood

A

connective tissue with a liquid matrix - plasma
cell types - red blood cells - erythrocytes, white blood cells - leukocytes, and cell fragments called platelets
provide clotting and immune functions and carry O2 and CO2

56
Q

compact bone

A

osteon - lamellae of mineralized matrix
- calcium and phosphate give it it’s hardness
- interwoven collagen fibers provide strength
osteocytes in lacunae between lamellae
canaliculi connect cell to cell

57
Q

spongy bone

A

sponge like structure with spaces and trabeculae - struts of bone surrounded by red bone marrow
no osteons

58
Q

compact bone

A

protects, provides movement, stores minerals, site of blood cell formation

Anatomy Lab (2 decks)

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