Quiz 2 Study Guide Flashcards
Why does it make sense for foragers to be related
- community based on reciprocity and sharing
- need to be flexible in order to move
Kin groups
The way people organize themselves based on blood and marriage
Goals of kinship system
- To organize people into groups
- Directing people’s behavior
- take on different roles
- reciprocal relations between individuals
- daughter (mother and father)
- Provide security of kin group
- protecting food
Kinship diagram
- triangle male
- circle female
- = marriage
- | offspring
- divorce and death
- ego: point of reference on a family tree, usually shaded in
- matrilineal (nari), patrilineal, and bilateral
Lineage and descent group
:kinship group traced through a number of generations to a common ancestor
:large descent groups that extend in time and space and hold and that hold power above and beyond any one individual
Interpreting
-webs of meaning people create
-everyone acts in a way that makes sense in their society
-culture does not have boundaries
Ex: Jewish Christmas
Meanings and symbols
- something that stands for something else, thing doesn’t have relationship for which it stands; no natural connection for which it stands
- how people build meanings and signify things
Ethnographic
:systematic data collection about cultural issues while living among members of a particular group, studying a culture while in its social context (typically refers to research and written accounts of a culture)
- what writing represent and the symbols you use
- living in cultural group you aren’t familiar with
Applied anthropology
:the use of anthropology to understand and solve social problems
- perspectives, concepts, methods, theories, and data
- domestic and international applications
Features of anthropology
- Participant observation
- Emic (mental categories and assumptions of local people) and Etic view (technical/professional or outsider views)
- Holistic perspective
- Regional perspective
- Cultural perspective
- Topical perspective
Geneal and interpretive
- Geneal: consists of a patterned way of life that an individual leans as a member of a group
- Interpretive: consists of webs of meaning people create in specific social and environmental contexts
Kinship
: relations based on blood or marriage (or other rituals)
-general sense of family relations but that’s too loaded of a word culturally
-kin term
-kin groups
-goals of kinship system
Ex: your family is your kin and god parents; the nari who use a matrilineal line and horticulture
Adaptive strategy definition
: a society’s system of producing, distributing, and consuming food and other resources
-means of making a living, productive systems
Cultural adaptation
:learned and shared as a member of a group
Ex: if someone dies from eating a plant we all know not to
Ie: we all don’t have to experience it individually to know what’s good and bad for survival
5 adaptive strategies
- Foraging
- Horticulture
- Pastoralism
- Intensive agriculture
- Industrialization
Key features of ways of life
- Population
- Settlement pattern
- Surpluses
- Trade
- Labor specialization
- Class differences
Foraging
: a kind of human subsistence strategy characterized by the gathering of wild plants and or hunting of animals for food
- gathering (and hunting) of WILD plants and animals
- not a lot of surplus because they move around
- cooperative groups is the adaptive strategy
- sharing is key
- nomadic
- gender based work division of women gathering and men water and hunting
- no labor or class distinctions
- not a lot of trade because of lack of artisanry
- live in bands: small kinships, family based
- equal gender status
Horticulture
:a kind of human subsistence strategy characterized by the small scale, non industrial cultivation of plants for food
- small scale, non industrial, cultivation of DOMESTICATED plants
- lineage and descent is new for this level
- shifting (Swidden) culture, move around and nomadic
- way if life and key features: small and nomadic
- don’t have a lot of surplus but occasionally trade with people who have more meat
- everyone works together, not a lot of labor specialization
- gender division depends on specific features of the economy and social structure
Pastoralism
\: a kind of human subsistence strategy characterized by the domestication, control, and breeding of a specific herd of animals -domesticate, breed, control animals -control foraging -reciprocity is key -kinship (family systems) \:herders of domesticated animals
Intensive agriculture
:the cultivation of crops for food, which, as it grows in intensity and scale, often becomes associated with several other subsidiary farming practices, including continuous land use, the use of fertilizers, irrigation, and/or livestock production
- large scale, non industrial, domestication and cultivation of plants and animals
- larger and settled (need more people for agriculture)
- labor specialization, centralized, state systems with political systems for redistribution of food
- start seeing people whose sole jobs have nothing to do with the food production
Industrialization
: the intensive and large scale production of manufactured goods having its roots in the industrial revolution, which first emerged in Europe in the 18th century with the shift from handcrafted to factory produced goods
- intensive and large scale production of food and other groups
- start seeing money
- food still grown with intensive agriculture
- small forum of people that produce the food which allows specialization
- hierarchies and specialized classes
- relies on intensive agriculture
- market exchange
- relies on technological sources of energy such as water, oil, and fossil fuels
- production, distribution, and consumption of food and goods
- far away production and close consumption
Band
:basic social unit found among foragers
- small, reciprocity, loosely defined leadership roles, mobile groups, strong kinship ties
- fewer than 100 people
- May split seasonally
Culture
:a set of meaning people create in specific and environmental contexts
- dynamic and creative (web)
- diverse and disagreements
- changing
Reciprocity
:the exchange of goods and services between two or more pele without the use of money
-what the overall health and survival of a band heavily depends on
State
Hierarchical political system characterized by centralized governments
: a type of social, political, and economic organization characterized by negotiation within and between human groups
Nation state
With a rigid geographical and territorial boundaries that govern populations via “national identity”, no longer use kinship
Exogamy and endogamy
Exo: marriage outside certain group
Endo: marriage within a certain group
World system
The global integration of the worlds people into a single economic system based on capitalism. Associated with Immanuel wallerstein, who argued that the worlds political economy is split into a core, periphery, and semiperiphery
Globalization
A worldwide process of socioeconomic interdependence
Band
A type of social, political, and economic organization commons among foragers who live in small, unsettled mobile groups that is characterized by strong kinship ties, loosely defined leadership roles, and a dependence on reciprocity
Tribe
A type of social, political, and economic organization whereby different settled of nomadic communities are untied through descent groups or common organizations
Capitalism
An economic system having its roots in seventeenth and eitheenth century Europe and characterized by the production and distribution of goods and services for profit, the means for which are privately owned
Kinship
Networks of relatives based on affinity and consanguinity Kiowa: bilateral Ju/hoansi: circular layout of camp Nari: matrilineal and horticulture Kiowa: cognative
Cognitive vs unalienable descent
Descent: assignment of relatedness traced through common ancestry
Cognatic: bilateral groups may reckon descent more or less informally through both male and female links
Ex: kilowa community
Unilineal: when groups trace descent more formally through either male or female links exclusively
