Andreatta and Ferraro

Question 1

Physical anthropology

Answer 1

\:the scientific study of humans from a biological perspective
Subfields
1. Paleoanthropology
2. Primatology
3. Human variation
4. Forensic anthropology
5. Applied physical anthropology

Question 2

Paleoanthropology

Answer 2

• reconstructing the anatomical and behavioral evolutionary record of the human species from fossil remains
• ask questions about the emergence of humans and how humans have evolved up to the present time

Question 3

Primatology

Answer 3

:the study of the evolutionary fossil record of our nearest living relatives and the behavior of living populations in their natural habitats
-the study of our nearest living relatives in their natural habitats

Question 4

Human variation

Answer 4

:deals with how and why the physical traits (skin color) of contemporary human population vary throughout the world
-tells us about human adaptation

Question 5

Physical or human variation

Answer 5

:physical or biological

-attempted to document human physical variations by dividing the population into various racial categories

Question 6

Race

Answer 6

:group of people who share a greater statistical frequency of genes and physical traits with one another than they do with people outside the group
Race as a biological entity does not matter. There is no biological reason to separate groups this way and there can actually be more differences inside that group than compared with another.
-today they don’t consider these to be useful and view as oversimplification
-skin and melanin example

Question 7

Archaeology

Answer 7

\:study the life ways of people from the past by excavating and analyzing the material culture they have left behind 
-use artifacts, features, and ecofacts
Subfields
1. Historical
2. Prehistoric
3. Contract 
4. Applied
5. Cultural resource management

Question 8

Artifacts

Answer 8

:objects that have been made or modified by humans and that can be removed from the site and taken to the lab for further analysis

Question 9

Features

Answer 9

:made or modified by people, but cannot be readily carries away from the dig site

Question 10

Ecofacts

Answer 10

:objects from. In the natural environment that were not made or altered by humans but were used by them

Question 11

Cultural resource management

Answer 11

:specialty area to ensure that the laws are properly followed, that high quality research is conducted, and that data from the archaeological sites are not destroyed by federally funded building projects

Question 12

Anthropological linguistics

Answer 12

\: the branch of anthropology that studies human speech and language
-:studies the contemporary human language as well as those of. Te past, looks at structure and origin
Subfields
1. Historical
2. Descriptive
3. Ethnolinguistics
4. Sociolinguistics 
5. Applied linguistics

Question 13

Historical linguistics

Answer 13

:emergence of language in general and how specific languages have diverged over time

Question 14

Descriptive linguistics

Answer 14

:the study of sound systems, grammatical systems, and the meanings attached to words in specific languages

Question 15

Cultural or ethnolinguistics

Answer 15

:examines the relationship between language and culture

Question 16

Sociolinguistics

Answer 16

:examines the relationship between language and social relations

Question 17

Cultural anthropology

Answer 17

\:scientific study of general patterns of human behavior derived through cultural comparison 
\:the branch of anthropology that deals with the study of specific contemporary cultures (ethnography) and the more general underlying patters of human culture derived through cultural comparisons (ethnology) is called cultural anthropology 
Subfields
1. Development
2. Psychological
3. Environmental
4. Medical
5. Urban 
6. Political
7. Applied

Question 18

Ethnography

Answer 18

-descriptive, based on direct fieldwork, and focuses on a single culture or subculture

Question 19

Ethnology

Answer 19

• comparative, based on data collected by other ethnographers, generalizes across cultures or subcultures
• comparative study of contemporary cultures

Question 20

Areas of specialization

Answer 20

1. Urban anthropology- focus on social problems
2. Medical anthropology- relationship of biological and sociocultural factors
3. Development- focuses more on people and assessing value
4. Environmental- examines now human. Populations interact with their environments
5. Psychological- looks at relationship between culture and the psychological makeup of individuals and groups

Question 21

Paleopathology

Answer 21

:the analysis of disease in ancient populations

Question 22

Holism

Answer 22

Anthros that study human societies as systematic sums of their parts, as integrated wholes. It takes a great deal of time to observe human behavior and time to interview members. Human behavior as complex set of interacting behaviors and ideas.
:analysis of a society as a whole which refuses to break society into component parts
1. More comprehensive when looking at biological and sociocultural aspects
2. Longest possible time frame
3. Studies all varieties of people wherever they may be found

Question 23

Ethnocentrism

Answer 23

:the belief that ones own culture is superior to all others

-viewing the rest of the world through the narrow lens of ones own cultural perspectives

Question 24

Cultural relativism

Answer 24

: notion that any part of a culture must be viewed in its proper cultural context rather than from the viewpoint of the observers culture

Question 25

Contributions

Answer 25

1. Enhancing understanding
2. Building skills for the twenty first century
   
   • develop a broad perspective
   • appreciate other perspectives
   • balance contradictions
   • emphasize global teamwork
   • develop cognitive complexity
   • develop perceptual acuity

Question 26

Culture

Answer 26

:system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the members of society use to cope with the world and each other

• culture as a set of meaning people create in specific environmental contexts
• dynamic, creative, diverse, and changing

Question 27

Branches of anthropology

Answer 27

1. Physical anthropology
2. Archaeology
3. Anthropological linguistics
4. Cultural anthropology