Quiz 2 Study Guide Flashcards
what are the 4 types of marriage exchanges?
gift exchange, bride service, bride-price/bride-wealth, dowry
describe gift exchange
small items are offered, other family matches
describe bride service
husband works for brides father/ brother
describe bride price
(valued) bride moves to grooms family & in return property moves from grooms family to brides
describe dowry
daughter & land move to grooms family (no bride value)
what are the 2 types of decentralized political systems
band & tribe
carrying capacity of bands
small groups because carrying capacity is limited due to constant moving
social density of bands
constant flux
birth spacing of bands
children widely spaced, long term nursing
4 impacts of bands on human societies
1- sexual division of labor
2- food sharing (cooperation not competition)
3- cultural adaptations (mobile)
4- egalitarianism (status differences ≠ inequality)
describe the political structure of bands (4)
-uncomplicated
-politically autonomous
-ambilocal
-low numbers
describe band conflict resolution
-settled by gossip & negotiation
-made by community consensus
-if fail, one member can go live with a relative’s band
2 ways tribes are organized
kinship or association
describe decentralization of a tribe
tribes break down into separate bands/ villages
describe tribal organization by association
age grades: category of people by age, everyone passes through every stage
age sets: people initiated into age grades at the same time & move through categories together
describe the example of the warrior societies of the great plains as common interest organization
seven military societies joined tribe, boys joined one when they reached age. All societies had functions within the tribe
describe how groups within tribes respond to enemies or starvation
sacrifice some autonomy for greater security when joining other groups
tribal subsistence strategies
H/G, horticulture & pastoralism had greatest yield
describe the Big Men or Woman tribe (authority type, functions, basis of Tonowi wealth, political clout
authority- PERSONAL, combines tribe welfare & self interest
functions- political: represents group to outsiders, legal: judge & advisor, economic: redistributes & pig stuff, social: induces cooperation, expeditions, and communal projects
wealth- success at pig breeding, influx ensures power shifts
politics- gets power from loans, takes apprentices to act as body guards (patron-client)
describe a clan
kinship organization based on a common ancestor
roles of the elder in a clan (4)
regulates affairs, represents, makes council, promotes cooperation
describe segmentary lineage organization
less extensive than clan
economy just above subsistence level
lineages produce goods
no political officers
describe the leopard skin chief
no ties to lineage and promotes compensation & negotiation (safe place)
describe centralized political systems
power by chiefdom (individual) or state (group)
describe chiefdom
-2 or more groups organized under chief who is top of the hierarchy.
-chief office is hereditary
-facilitate war/ conquest due to greed
describe chiefdom economics
-redistribution system
-chiefs have power to make people do things (military, labor)
describe coercion in chiefdoms
chiefs gain personal wealth, passed on. Are status indicators
describe the state
-most formal political org.
-centralized gov
can use force to regulate affairs
describe market economy
distribution of goods based on use of locations
describe a barter market
- exchange of goods, immediately
-smaller agriculture (ex water vessel for grain)
describe silent trade
barter where no communication is made, usually between groups of different languages
two forms of money
specialized or generalized
special purpose money
exchange restricted to buying single or restricted number of commodities (coins, blankets, stamps)
general purpose money
universal medium of exchange, buying/ selling any item
what makes politics evolve into codified structures (2)?
population growth & social need for order
2 forms of law
formally defined legal rules
informal customs
what are the 4 characteristics of law?
legal authority
universal application
legal rights & duties
sanction
describe legal authority
right to compel others to obey laws by force or threat
describe universal application
legal authority should apply the same laws under the same circumstances (consistency)
describe legal rights/ duties
defining rules between persons about what guidelines should be followed if rights have been violated
describe sanctions
action taken by authority when law is violated (ex punishment, loss of privilege, & benefits)
what are the 6 types of peaceful conflict resolutions
negotiation, mediation, community action, courts, religious institutions, compensation
describe compensation
payment allows injured party to withdraw with honor
describe negotiation
communication between parties directly
describe mediation
negotiation between parties with neutral third party
describe community action
entire society resolves (song duels)
describe courts
institution that asserts authority over parties to dispute, impose sanctions
describe religious institutions, oaths, & ordeals
when law enforcement is weak
oaths- swearing innocence on pain of punishment
ordeals- dangerous acts where supernatural forces decide verdict
4 types of violent conflict resolution
retribution, feuds, raids, and warefare
describe retribution
personal use of force to redress wrongs
describe feuds
armed conflict between kin groups
raids
organized violence from one group to another for economic benefit
warfare
armed combat between political communities
animism
spirt souls in all of nature, part of worldview
animatism
all things have personality from spirit but not soul
imitative magic
like produces like
contagious magic
things in contact remain in contact, influence each other after separation
doctrine of signatures (law of similarity)
like produces like, appearance of plant helps use of plant (red for blood, yellow for jaundice)
law of contagion
once in contact a link persists unless formal cleansing or exorcism breaks the bond
indian medicine
gave us cocaine, curare, early birth control pill, antibiotics
counter acculturation
record of impact of FN knowledge on settlers
3 causes of disease
human, natural, supernatural
example of spirit intrusion
what possessed me to do that, what go into that child!, step on a crack…
The shaman
medicine man, not just physician (healers, educators, priests)
emetic
causes vomiting
purge
evacuate bowels free from impurities
3 phases of rites of passage
1- separation
2- transition/ liminality
3- reincorporation
separation
symbolically or physically removed from previous status (moved, undressed, painted)
transition/ liminality (communitas)
body between phases, deep mental impact, longest & most creative phase (minds become one)
reincorporation
readmitted to social life with new status (pronouncing mr & misses smith)
great game extinction
younger dryas (11500BC) no domesticated game survived except turkeys and dogs, animal disease didn’t occur in americas/ australia
5 effects of new diseases in americas
1- ecological disruption
2- pathogens
3- interference with social order
4- persecution of resisters
5- social fragmentation/ reorganization
examples of newly introduced diseases
smallpox, measles, whooping cough, malaria, TB
virgin soil epidemics
spread from village to village because they were new
herd immunity
antibodies provided protection from a portion to unprotected group
catastrophist position
disease reached FN before Europeans, catastrophic mortality before written docs record it
gradualist position
disease wasn’t significant in depopulation until early contact, population declines were slow
epidemiologic/ health transition
infectious to chronic
determinants of health model (6)
genetic susceptibility, physical environment, personal lifestyle, society, economy, culture
4 dimensions of medicine wheel
physical, mental, emotional, spiritual
doctrine of discovery & terra nullus
asset of title under terra nullus (unoccupied land)
legal question of imperium & dominium
do indigenous people show “full humanity”, thus having rights to imperium (liberty) and dominium (property)
3 ways indigenous titles of land could be removed
if land was later abandoned, if just war was waged, if sanctioned negotiations & formal agreements made sale
4 attitudes of FN to treaties
1- breaking treaty breaks political relationship
2-treaties cant be devalued
3- agreements were negotiated by sovereign nations
4- important when relations between canadians and FN’s are being defined
how many treaties since 1975
13
3 approaches to conflict when nations claimed right to the same territory
1- go to war, winner wins
2- for alliances & make trade guidelines
3- negotiate treaty
how were political differences solved between FN
councils- engage adversaries to resolve problems, ceremonies & gift exchange common
today treaties are defined as…
agreements between sovereign nation negotiated by commissioners and approved by governments
north vs south transformation at contact
north - slow 900 yrs
south - rapid, 400 yrs
3 types of first contacts
collisions (transmission of disease & slave trade), relationships (trade, missionaries), and contacts (pristine- no knowledge of eachother or hearsay- debris left by a group)
first recorded encounter
dorset & beothuk in eastern arctice
prestige trumped material accumulations
wealth wasn’t measured only by material goods, but songs, sharing, rituals
