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Indigenous Studies 1000 > Quiz 2 Study Guide > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 types of marriage exchanges?

A

gift exchange, bride service, bride-price/bride-wealth, dowry

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2
Q

describe gift exchange

A

small items are offered, other family matches

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3
Q

describe bride service

A

husband works for brides father/ brother

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4
Q

describe bride price

A

(valued) bride moves to grooms family & in return property moves from grooms family to brides

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5
Q

describe dowry

A

daughter & land move to grooms family (no bride value)

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6
Q

what are the 2 types of decentralized political systems

A

band & tribe

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7
Q

carrying capacity of bands

A

small groups because carrying capacity is limited due to constant moving

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8
Q

social density of bands

A

constant flux

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9
Q

birth spacing of bands

A

children widely spaced, long term nursing

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10
Q

4 impacts of bands on human societies

A

1- sexual division of labor
2- food sharing (cooperation not competition)
3- cultural adaptations (mobile)
4- egalitarianism (status differences ≠ inequality)

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11
Q

describe the political structure of bands (4)

A

-uncomplicated
-politically autonomous
-ambilocal
-low numbers

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12
Q

describe band conflict resolution

A

-settled by gossip & negotiation
-made by community consensus
-if fail, one member can go live with a relative’s band

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13
Q

2 ways tribes are organized

A

kinship or association

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14
Q

describe decentralization of a tribe

A

tribes break down into separate bands/ villages

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15
Q

describe tribal organization by association

A

age grades: category of people by age, everyone passes through every stage
age sets: people initiated into age grades at the same time & move through categories together

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16
Q

describe the example of the warrior societies of the great plains as common interest organization

A

seven military societies joined tribe, boys joined one when they reached age. All societies had functions within the tribe

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17
Q

describe how groups within tribes respond to enemies or starvation

A

sacrifice some autonomy for greater security when joining other groups

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18
Q

tribal subsistence strategies

A

H/G, horticulture & pastoralism had greatest yield

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19
Q

describe the Big Men or Woman tribe (authority type, functions, basis of Tonowi wealth, political clout

A

authority- PERSONAL, combines tribe welfare & self interest
functions- political: represents group to outsiders, legal: judge & advisor, economic: redistributes & pig stuff, social: induces cooperation, expeditions, and communal projects
wealth- success at pig breeding, influx ensures power shifts
politics- gets power from loans, takes apprentices to act as body guards (patron-client)

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20
Q

describe a clan

A

kinship organization based on a common ancestor

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21
Q

roles of the elder in a clan (4)

A

regulates affairs, represents, makes council, promotes cooperation

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22
Q

describe segmentary lineage organization

A

less extensive than clan
economy just above subsistence level
lineages produce goods
no political officers

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23
Q

describe the leopard skin chief

A

no ties to lineage and promotes compensation & negotiation (safe place)

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24
Q

describe centralized political systems

A

power by chiefdom (individual) or state (group)

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25
Q

describe chiefdom

A

-2 or more groups organized under chief who is top of the hierarchy.
-chief office is hereditary
-facilitate war/ conquest due to greed

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26
Q

describe chiefdom economics

A

-redistribution system
-chiefs have power to make people do things (military, labor)

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27
Q

describe coercion in chiefdoms

A

chiefs gain personal wealth, passed on. Are status indicators

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28
Q

describe the state

A

-most formal political org.
-centralized gov
can use force to regulate affairs

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29
Q

describe market economy

A

distribution of goods based on use of locations

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30
Q

describe a barter market

A
  • exchange of goods, immediately
    -smaller agriculture (ex water vessel for grain)
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31
Q

describe silent trade

A

barter where no communication is made, usually between groups of different languages

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32
Q

two forms of money

A

specialized or generalized

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33
Q

special purpose money

A

exchange restricted to buying single or restricted number of commodities (coins, blankets, stamps)

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34
Q

general purpose money

A

universal medium of exchange, buying/ selling any item

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35
Q

what makes politics evolve into codified structures (2)?

A

population growth & social need for order

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36
Q

2 forms of law

A

formally defined legal rules
informal customs

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37
Q

what are the 4 characteristics of law?

A

legal authority
universal application
legal rights & duties
sanction

38
Q

describe legal authority

A

right to compel others to obey laws by force or threat

39
Q

describe universal application

A

legal authority should apply the same laws under the same circumstances (consistency)

40
Q

describe legal rights/ duties

A

defining rules between persons about what guidelines should be followed if rights have been violated

41
Q

describe sanctions

A

action taken by authority when law is violated (ex punishment, loss of privilege, & benefits)

42
Q

what are the 6 types of peaceful conflict resolutions

A

negotiation, mediation, community action, courts, religious institutions, compensation

43
Q

describe compensation

A

payment allows injured party to withdraw with honor

44
Q

describe negotiation

A

communication between parties directly

45
Q

describe mediation

A

negotiation between parties with neutral third party

46
Q

describe community action

A

entire society resolves (song duels)

47
Q

describe courts

A

institution that asserts authority over parties to dispute, impose sanctions

48
Q

describe religious institutions, oaths, & ordeals

A

when law enforcement is weak
oaths- swearing innocence on pain of punishment
ordeals- dangerous acts where supernatural forces decide verdict

49
Q

4 types of violent conflict resolution

A

retribution, feuds, raids, and warefare

50
Q

describe retribution

A

personal use of force to redress wrongs

51
Q

describe feuds

A

armed conflict between kin groups

52
Q

raids

A

organized violence from one group to another for economic benefit

53
Q

warfare

A

armed combat between political communities

54
Q

animism

A

spirt souls in all of nature, part of worldview

55
Q

animatism

A

all things have personality from spirit but not soul

56
Q

imitative magic

A

like produces like

57
Q

contagious magic

A

things in contact remain in contact, influence each other after separation

58
Q

doctrine of signatures (law of similarity)

A

like produces like, appearance of plant helps use of plant (red for blood, yellow for jaundice)

59
Q

law of contagion

A

once in contact a link persists unless formal cleansing or exorcism breaks the bond

60
Q

indian medicine

A

gave us cocaine, curare, early birth control pill, antibiotics

61
Q

counter acculturation

A

record of impact of FN knowledge on settlers

62
Q

3 causes of disease

A

human, natural, supernatural

63
Q

example of spirit intrusion

A

what possessed me to do that, what go into that child!, step on a crack…

64
Q

The shaman

A

medicine man, not just physician (healers, educators, priests)

65
Q

emetic

A

causes vomiting

66
Q

purge

A

evacuate bowels free from impurities

67
Q

3 phases of rites of passage

A

1- separation
2- transition/ liminality
3- reincorporation

68
Q

separation

A

symbolically or physically removed from previous status (moved, undressed, painted)

69
Q

transition/ liminality (communitas)

A

body between phases, deep mental impact, longest & most creative phase (minds become one)

70
Q

reincorporation

A

readmitted to social life with new status (pronouncing mr & misses smith)

71
Q

great game extinction

A

younger dryas (11500BC) no domesticated game survived except turkeys and dogs, animal disease didn’t occur in americas/ australia

72
Q

5 effects of new diseases in americas

A

1- ecological disruption
2- pathogens
3- interference with social order
4- persecution of resisters
5- social fragmentation/ reorganization

73
Q

examples of newly introduced diseases

A

smallpox, measles, whooping cough, malaria, TB

74
Q

virgin soil epidemics

A

spread from village to village because they were new

75
Q

herd immunity

A

antibodies provided protection from a portion to unprotected group

76
Q

catastrophist position

A

disease reached FN before Europeans, catastrophic mortality before written docs record it

77
Q

gradualist position

A

disease wasn’t significant in depopulation until early contact, population declines were slow

78
Q

epidemiologic/ health transition

A

infectious to chronic

79
Q

determinants of health model (6)

A

genetic susceptibility, physical environment, personal lifestyle, society, economy, culture

80
Q

4 dimensions of medicine wheel

A

physical, mental, emotional, spiritual

81
Q

doctrine of discovery & terra nullus

A

asset of title under terra nullus (unoccupied land)

82
Q

legal question of imperium & dominium

A

do indigenous people show “full humanity”, thus having rights to imperium (liberty) and dominium (property)

83
Q

3 ways indigenous titles of land could be removed

A

if land was later abandoned, if just war was waged, if sanctioned negotiations & formal agreements made sale

84
Q

4 attitudes of FN to treaties

A

1- breaking treaty breaks political relationship
2-treaties cant be devalued
3- agreements were negotiated by sovereign nations
4- important when relations between canadians and FN’s are being defined

85
Q

how many treaties since 1975

A

13

86
Q

3 approaches to conflict when nations claimed right to the same territory

A

1- go to war, winner wins
2- for alliances & make trade guidelines
3- negotiate treaty

87
Q

how were political differences solved between FN

A

councils- engage adversaries to resolve problems, ceremonies & gift exchange common

88
Q

today treaties are defined as…

A

agreements between sovereign nation negotiated by commissioners and approved by governments

89
Q

north vs south transformation at contact

A

north - slow 900 yrs
south - rapid, 400 yrs

90
Q

3 types of first contacts

A

collisions (transmission of disease & slave trade), relationships (trade, missionaries), and contacts (pristine- no knowledge of eachother or hearsay- debris left by a group)

91
Q

first recorded encounter

A

dorset & beothuk in eastern arctice

92
Q

prestige trumped material accumulations

A

wealth wasn’t measured only by material goods, but songs, sharing, rituals

Indigenous Studies 1000 (5 decks)

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