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Parasitology > Quiz 2 (Protozoa & Arthropods) > Flashcards

Quiz 2 (Protozoa & Arthropods) Flashcards

1
Q

4 Main Phylums of Protozoa

A
  1. Sarcomastigophora
  2. Apicomplexans
  3. Ciliophora
  4. Microspora
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2
Q

Protozoan Nutrition

A

Autotrophic

Heterotrophic (Holozoic (ingests via mouth) or Saprozoic (absorbs through cell membrane))

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3
Q

Sarcomastigophora species

A

Giardia spp.
Trichomonads (Tritrichomonas foetus (cattle), Tritrichomonas blagburni (felids), Tetratrichomonas spp./Pentatrichomonas hominis (non-pathogenic bovine trichomonads))
Trypanosomes (Trypanosoma cruzi)

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4
Q

Apicomplexan species

A

Order Eucoccidia: E. bovis and E. zuernii
Cystoisospora suis
Cryptosporidium (Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcocystis cruzi)
Oder Piroplasmidia: Cytauxzoon felis

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5
Q

Giardia spp.

A

Direct life cycle
Most mammals (ingestion of cyst, longitudinal binary fission)
Cysts: 4 nuclei, Trophozoites: 2 nuclei
Clinical signs: diarrhea, or asymptomatic
Dx: Fecal float, direct smear, ELISA

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6
Q

Trichomonads

A

Flagella, undulating membrane, axostyle
Psuedocysts
Longitudinal binary fission
Includes Bovine Genital Trichomonosis (T. foetus) and Feline Trichomoniasis (T. blagburni)

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7
Q

Tritrichomonas foetus

A

Bovine Genital Trichomonosis
Can cause early embryonic death and abortion
Bulls are asymptomatic
Cows: vaginitis, etc.
Dx: recover organisms -> PCR, direct smear, culture
Prevention: replace old bulls, don’t borrow/lease animals, TEST, cull open cows, etc.

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8
Q

Non-pathogenic Bovine Trichomonads

A

Pentatrichomonas hominis

Tetratrichomonas spp.

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9
Q

Tritrichomonas blagburni

A

Feline Trichomoniasis
Large bowel disease
Transmission unknown
Chronic diarrhea
Dx: direct smear, culture, PCR, colonic biopsy
Control: keep infected cats away from others, clean litterbox daily

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10
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Parasite of all vertebrates, transmitted by blood-feeding invertebrates
Have kinetoplast and nucleus
Pleomorphic: elongated body with single flagellum (trypomastigote, promastigote, epimastgote) or round body with short (if any) flagellum (amastigote)
Cytoskeleton with microtubules
Chagas Disease (Reduviid Bug)
INFECTIVE STAGE = metacyclic trypomastigote

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11
Q

“Classical Coccidia”

A

Eimeria and Cystoisospora

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12
Q

Eimeria and Cystoisospora differences

A

Eimeria: mammals + BIRDS, 4 sporocytes w/ 2 sporozoites
Cystoisospora: only mammals, 2 sporocytes w/ 4 sporozoites

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13
Q

Eimeria bovis

A 
Affects ileum and colon of cattle
Reproduce by gametogony
Easier to diagnose
Oocysts present when disease begins
Mucosal damage
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14
Q

Eimeria zuernii

A

Affects ileum and colon of cattle
Reproduce by schizogony
Bloody diarrhea, anemia, emaciation
Acute and chronic phases

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15
Q

Cystoisospora suis

A

Pigs
Primary disease of suckling piglets, contaminated feces
Sporozoites penetrate villous epithelium
Pasty/liquid diarrhea, NO BLOOD

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16
Q

Cryptosporidium

A

Affects intestine (profuse yellow, watery diarrhea)
Fecal-oral transmission
Waterborne outbreaks: Milwaukee 403,000 affected,104 deaths
Oocyte resistance: Heat (64-72 degrees C), UV, chlorine, bleach, water treatments

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17
Q

Toxoplasma gondii

A

Obligate, intracelluar parasite
IH: most mammals (tachyzoites, bradyzoites), DH: felids (oocysts)
Transmission: ingesting oocyts, raw/undercooked meat, or congenital (transplacental)
Clinical signs: fever, anorexia, jaundice
Dx: fecal float, IFA, ELISA, Bx, PCR

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18
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

A

DH: carnivore, IH: herbivore
Transmission: DH consuming IH with sarcocyst, IH ingesting sporocyst
Gametogony
Schizonts form in endothelial cells of blood vessels

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19
Q

Sarcocysts cruzi

A

Dalmeny Disease in cattle (fever, weightloss, diarrhea, etc.)
Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis in horses (head tilt, eye drooping, facial paralysis)- schizonts destroy neural cells, no sarcocysts

20
Q

Cytauxzoon felis

A 
Piroplasmida
Reservoir: bobcat
DH: domestic cats
IH/vector: salivary glands of ticks
Schizogony occurs in macrophages of cats, merozoites released when macrophage ruptures and enter RBC and develop to piroplasms
Fatal and non-fatal forms
**Schizogenous stage is most destructive
21
Q

Lifecycle of Trypanosomes

A
  1. Metacyclic trypomastigote = infective stage in feces
  2. Trypomastigotes: circulate in blood, go to organs/muscle
  3. Amastigote: in cells, reproduce via binary fission, clusters produce psuedocysts, rupture
  4. Epimastogotes: reproduce via binary fission
22
Q

Coccidias (Order Eucoccidia)

A 
Eimeria
Cystoisospora
Toxoplasma
Neospora
Cryptosporidium
Sarcocystis
23
Q

Characteristics of Protozoa

A

~60,000 species
Eukaryotic, single-celled
Have organelles of locomotion

24
Q

Characteristics of Insecta

A

Segmented body (head, thorax, abdomen)
Simple or complete metamorphosis
Includes: Anoplura (sucking lice), Mallophaga (chewing lice), Diptera (2 winged flies), and Siphonaptera (fleas)

25
Q

Characteristics of Arachnida

A

2 body regions: head (gnathosoma/capitulum) and body (idiosoma)
Simple metamorphosis
Includes: Acarina

26
Q

Diptera

A

Myiasis: facultative or obligatory
Includes: Culicidae (mosquitos), Tabanidae (horse and deer flies), and Muscidae (stable flies)

27
Q

Culicidae

A

Mosquitos
Most prominent blood-sucking parasite
Larvae: always aquatic, complex metamorphosis, spiracles
Antennae: female- pilose, male- plumose
Includes subfamilies Anopheles, Aedes, and Culex

28
Q

Anopheles

A 
Plasmodium vector
Eggs: single with floats
Larva: No air tube
Pupa: short air tube
Adult: resting position is ANGLED
29
Q

Aedes

A

Eggs: single on dry surface
Larva: short air tube at angle to water surface
Pupa: air tube variable
Adult: resting position parallel to host

30
Q

Culex

A

Vector for Yellow Fever, Dengue Fever, West Nile Virus
Eggs: rafts parallel to water surface
Larva: short air tube at angle to water surface
Pupa: air tube long and slender
Adult: resting position parallel to host

31
Q

Tabanidae

A

Horse and deer flies
Found where water is abundant
Eggs laid on vegetation near water ->larvae hatch and enter water (tabanus = predators, chrysops = vegetarians) ->larvae pupate on dry ground along bank -> Adults emerge
IH: trypanosoma, elaeophora
Vectors: anaplasma, anthrax, Equine Infections Anemia

32
Q

Muscidae

A

Stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans)
Males AND females are blood feeders
Mechanical vector for bacteria, Equine Infectious Anemia, Habronema muscae, Trypanosoma evansi
Eggs deposited, hatch, larva pupate in dead plant matter
Control: insecticides, remove rotting straw/plant matter

33
Q

Anoplura

A

Sucking lice
Mammals only
Thorax is wider than head

34
Q

Mallophaga

A

Chewing/biting lice
Found on mammals and birds
Head is wider than thorax

35
Q

Siphonaptera

A 
Fleas
Ctenocephalides felis (cat flea)
40% of veterinary effort
Host-specific
95% of lifecycle spent off host
*sperm stored in spermatheca during mating
36
Q

Acarina

A

Ticks and mites
2 families: Ixodidae and Argasidae
Eggs-> larva (“seed tick”)-> nymph -> adult
Disease transmission (transstadial and transovarial)
Tick paralysis

37
Q

Ixodidae

A 
Inclues:
Rhipicephalus sanguineus ("Brown Dog Tick")
Ixodes scapularis ("Black-legged Tick")
Amblyomma americanum ("Lone Star Tick")
Dermacentor variabilis ("American Dog Tick"/"Wood Tick")
38
Q

Flea control methods

A

Host-targeted insecticides
Environmental insecticides
Mechanical methods

39
Q

Brown Dog Tick

A

Rhipicephalus sanguineus
3 host tick
Disease vector for babesia, erlichia canis
All over US

40
Q

Black-legged Tick

A

Ixodes scapularis
3 host tick
SE to central US and along E coast

41
Q

Lone Star Tick

A

Amblyomma americanum
3 host tick
Tick paralysis
Southern US

42
Q

American Dog Tick/ Wood Tick

A

Dermacentor variabilis
3 host
Most of US
Vector for RMSF and anaplasma

43
Q

Ear mites

A 
Otodectes cynotis
External ear canal
Females: suckers on legs 1,2,4
Males: suckers on all leg pairs
Permanent parasite
Transmission through direct contact
NOT ZOONOTIC
Ear swab
44
Q

Follicle mites of dogs

A 
Demodex canis
Alligator/cigar shaped
Adults- 8 legs, larva- 6 legs
permanent parasite
Localized and generalized parasitism
Dx: skin scrape, pustule/abscess contents
NOT ZOONOTIC
45
Q

Scabies

A

Sarcoptes scabiei
Host: most mammals
Tunnel through dermis causing scaling, excoriations, pruritis
Eggs/feces are allergens, can cause hypersensitivity
Female- suckers on legs 1,2
Males- suckers on legs 1,2,4

46
Q

Water treatments effective against crypto

A 
Reverse osmosis
Distilled
Steaming hot
Pastuerized
Canned/bottled
Filtered less than 1 micron

Parasitology (2 decks)

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