Quiz 2 (monday) Flashcards
Ante-
Before
Ex: antenatal
Pre-
Before, In front of
Ex. Predisposing
Pro-
Before, in front of
Prodrome
Post-
After; behind
Post-traumatic
Brady-
Slow
Ex. Bradycardia
Tach- (o,y)
Fast
Ex. Tachycardia
Circum-
Around
Circumvent
Peri-
Around
Ex. Perimeter
Intra-
In, within
Ex. Intrauterine
Inter-
Between
Ex. Intercostals
Extra-
Outside
Ex. Extravascular
Juxta-
Near, beside
Ex. Juxtaposition
Para-
Near, beside
Ex. Parasagittal
Supra-
Above
Ex. Suprarenal
Epi-
Upon, over
Ex. Epidermis
Sub-
Below, under
Ex. Sublingual
Infra-
Below
Ex. Infracapsular
Retro-
Behind, backward
Ex. Retroperitoneal
Dors- (i, o)
To the back
Ex. Dorsal
Ventro-
To the front, abdomen
Ex. Ventral
Endo-
Within, innermost
Ex. Endocrine
Ex- (o)
Outside of, beyond
Ex. Exogenous
Mes- (o)
Middle, midline
Ex. Mesoderm
Dextr/o-
Right
Ex. Dextrocardia
Sinister/o-
Left
Ex. Sinistrand (toward the left)
Levo-
Left
Ex. Levoverted
Ec- , Ecto-
Out, outside
Ex. Ectoderm
Ab-
From, away
Ex. Abduct
Ad-
To, toward, near
Ex. Adduct
Latero- (al)
Side
Ex. Ipsilateral
Syn- , sym-
(Before b, m, & p)
Together
Ex. Synapse
Tel/e-
Tel/o-
End
Ex. Telangion (a terminal vessel)
Cyan/o
Blue
Ex. Cyanosis
Erythr/o-
Red
Ex. Erythrocyte
Leuk/o-
White, colorless
Ex. Leukoplakia
Melan/o
Black, dark
Ex. Melanin
Xanth/o
Yellow
Ex. Xanthoma
Alba-
White
Ex. Albino
What type of sound waves do handheld transducers produce and what type of echos do they collect?
It transmits nonionizing sound waves (in a rectangular or cone-shaped beam)
It collects the reflected echoes to form an image of internal anatomy that may be photographed, videotaped, recorded on disc, or transmitted to an interpreting physician for diagnosis
What does a technical observation include?
Measurements, calculations, and analysis of the results to accompany the ultrasound images
What are the three types of anatomical body planes?
Transverse, Sagittal, and Coronal
What does the transverse body plane do
Divide the body into unequal superior and inferior sections
Perpendicular to the long axis of the body
Midsagittal plane
Divides the body into equal right and left halves
Parasagittal planes
Divide the body into unequal right and left sections
Parallel to the long axis of the body
Midcoronal plane
Runs along the Midaxillary line and divides the body into equal anterior and posterior halves
Perpendicular to Sagittarius planes and parallel to the long axis of the body
What is the only plane that doesn’t divide the body into unequal anterior and posterior sections
Midcoronal plane
What do interpretations of the body planes depend on in sonography?
The location of the transducer and the sound wave approach
Sound wave approach
Where the sound waves enter the body
Endocavital scanning
A specialty transducer used to image structures from inside the body
Sagittal scanning plane orientation is indicated by….
A notch or raised portion on the top surface of the transducer.
Once the transducer orientation is established, the scanning plane can be changes by turning the transducer _____ degrees
90 degrees
Endovaginal imaging and endorectal imaging is obtained from what type of approach?
Inferior transcavital approach, which is technically organ oriented
What is used as the primary acoustic window or approach when imaging the neonatal brain?
The anterior fontanelle.
Sometimes posterior and mastoid fontanelle
Organ parenchyma
Tissue that makes up the organ
Sonographic appearance of organ parenchyma
Homogenous or uniform echo texture with ranges in echogenicity
Sonographic appearance of muscle
Homogenous or uniform exhibit texture with low echogenicity
Muscles appear hypoechoic
Skeletal muscle bundles are separated by bright symmetric bands of fibroadipose septate that appear hypoechoic or echogenic
Normal sonographic appearance of the placenta
I could text her changes throughout a pregnancy, from homogeneous to uniform, with moderate to high echogenicity
Normally hyperechoic or brighter parents, relative to uterine myometrium
Normal sonographic appearance of tissue
Echotexture is homogeneous or uniform and moderately echogenic in the margins appear very bright or hyperechoic compared with adjacent structures
Fluid filled structures
Blood vessels,
ducts,
umbilical cord,
amniotic, sac,
brain ventricles,
ovarian follicles,
renal calyces,
urine filled urinary bladder,
Bile filled gallbladder,
Bursa
Sonographic appearance of fluid filled structures
Lumens appear anechoic,
walls appear grey and highly echogenic or hyperechoic
Acoustic enhancement
Increased echo amplitude or posterior through transmission
Visualized posterior to a structure that does not attenuate
Acoustic shadows
Reduced echo amplitude
Echo drop off
Posterior to a structure that attenuates the sound beam
Considered a type of Sono graphic artifact
ALARA
As low as reasonably achievable / not doing more than needed
Dictates that the output level and exposure time to ultrasound is minimized while obtaining diagnostic data
Anechoic
Term used to describe an echo free appearance on a sonographic image
Anterior (ventral)
Situated at or directed toward the front. A structure in front of another structure.
Artifact
Image artifacts are echo features or structures observed on ultrasound images that are unassociated with the object being imaged
Ascites
Accumulation of serous fluid anywhere in the abdominopelvic cavity
Looks anechoic
Attenuation
Decrease in the intensity of the sun beam as it passes through a structure, caused by absorption, scatter, or beam divergence.
. Beam starts at 100 and ends with zero.
Axial (short axis)
At right angles to longitudinal sections. Term used to describe the section of a structure portrayed within a skin in plane image.
Beam divergence
Widening of the sound beam as it travels
Calculi / stones
Concentration of mineral salts that me a company, some disease processes
Calipers (electronic)
Two or more measurement cursors that can be manipulated to calibrate the distance between echoes of interest on the imaging screen
Color flow Doppler
Doppler shift information and a two dimensional presentation super imposed on a real time gray scale, anatomic cross-sectional image.
Detect movement like in blood and blood vessels
Complex mass
Abnormal mass within the body that is composed of both tissue and fluid
Contralateral
Situated on, or affecting the opposite side
Contrast
A comparison to show differences
Solid and cystic component
Corona scanning planes
Any plane parallel to the long axis of the body and perpendicular to sagittal scanning planes
Coupling agent
Substance used to reduce air between the ultrasound, transducer and surface of the skin
Crura of diaphragm
Right and left cruise or fibromuscular bands arising from the lumbar vertebrae that insert into the central tendon of the diaphragm
Cystic
Describes the sonographic appearance of a fluid collection within the body that does not meet the criteria to be considered a true cyst
Deep
Internal.
Situated away from the surface.
Diffuse disease
Infiltrative disease throughout an organ that disrupts, the otherwise normal sonographic appearance of organ parenchyma
Distal
Situated farthest from the point of origin
Doppler effect
Change an observed sound frequency caused by relative motion between the source of the sound, or reflector, and the observer
Echogenic
Describes a structure that is able to produce echoes or Echo patterns on sonograms
Echopenic
Few echoes
Echo texture
Describes the sonographic appearance of soft tissue structures within the body
Extraorgan pathology
Abnormal disease process that originates outside of an organ
Focal/multifocal change
Disease process confined to isolated areas of an organ
Focal zone
The point at which the sound beam is the narrowest, and the resolution is the best
Gray scale
Scale of acromatic colors, having multiple graduations from black to white
Heterogeneous
Describes an irregular or mixed Echo pattern on a sonographic image
Homogeneous
Describes uniform or similar Eco patterns on a sonographic image
Hyperechoic
Comparative term used to describe an area in the sonographic image where the echoes are brighter, or more intense compared to surrounding structures
Inferior (caudal)
Toward the feet.
Situated below or directed downward.
A structural lower than another structure.
Infiltrative disease
Diffuse disease process that spreads throughout an entire organ
Interface
The boundary between two materials or structures
One thing stops in another thing starts
Intraorgan pathology
Abnormal disease process that originates within an organ
Intraperitoneal
Abdominal pelvic structures, and closed in the sack, formed by the parietal peritania
Ipsilateral
Situated on, or affecting the same side
Isogenic/isosonic
Comparative term used to describe an area in a sonographic image, where the echo patterns are equal in echogenicity
Isochoic
Same as other tissues
Lateral
Pertaining to the right or left of the middle or midline of the body. Describes a structure situated at, on, or toward the side.
Localized disease
Represents a circumscribed mass or multiple masses
Long axis
Represents the longest length of a structure
Longitudinal
Retains the links; running lengthwise
Mass
Circumscribed disease process
Medial
Situated at, on, or toward the metal or midline of the body
Medium
Any material through which sound waves travel
Mesentery
A double fold of peritoneum that connects intraperitoneal organs to the abdominal cavity wall
Midsagittal and parasagittal scanning planes
Any plain parallel to the long access of the body and perpendicular to Corona scanning planes
Mirror image artifact (non-doppler)
The sonographic image of a structure is duplicated an atypical position, and appears as a mirror image of the original
Necrotic
Degeneration or death of tissue
Neoplasm
New, abnormal growth of existing tissues; either benign or malignant
Orthogonal
At right angles; perpendicular
Parenchyma
Tissue composing an organ
Plural effusion
A collection of fluid inside the lungs and chest cavity
Posterior (dorsal)
Situated at or directed toward the back. A structure behind another structure.
Proximal
Situated closest to the point of origin or attachment
Retroperitoneum
Area of the abdominopelvic cavity, located behind or posterior to the peritoneum
Septations
Thin, membranous inclusions within a mass
Solid mass
Abnormal mass within the body, composed of one thing, tissue
Sonogram
Pictorial record with ultrasound
Sonologist
The physician who interprets a sonogram
Superficial
External.
Situated on or toward the surface
Superior (cranial)
Toward the head.
Situated above or directed upward.
A structure higher than another structure.
Systemic
Pertains to the body as a whole
TGC (time – gain compensation)
Increase in receiver gain with time to compensate for loss in echo amplitude. Usually due to attenuation, with depth
Through transmission
Acoustic enhancement
Increased Echo amplitude
Visualize posterior to a structure that is not attenuate (decrease, stop, impede, or absorb) the sound beam.
Considered a type of sonographic artifact.
Transducer (ultrasound)
A device capable of converting electrical energy into mechanical energy, and vice versa
Transmission
Term implying passage of energy through a material
Transverse scanning planes
Any plane perpendicular to the long access of the body
True cyst (simple cyst)
Abnormal mass within the body composed of fluid
Ultrasound
Sound of frequencies above 20 kilohertz or above the range of human hearing
Clinical criteria
Appropriate attire
Identification badge
Introduce yourself
Check patient identification bracelet
Explain the examination process to patient
What’s the best position for evaluating abdominal aorta
Supine position
What transducers are best for imaging superficial structures
Higher number megahertz (MHz) transducers
What transducers are best for evaluating deep structures ?
The lower number megahertz transducers
What MHz is best for scanning the abdominal aorta
3.0 or 3.5 MHz,
5.0 for very thin patients
Transducer positions
Perpendicular,
Twisting/Rotating
Angled
Subcostal
Intercostal
Info required on image documentation:
Patient name and identification number
Date and time
Scanning site
Name/initials of person performing study
Name/initials of endocavital studies witness
Transducer Megahertz
Patient position
Scanning plane
Area of interest
Depth
Where the organ is on the screen
Gain / TGC’s
How bright the image is
Focus
Quality
Transducer techniques
Heel toe movement
Fanning/angling/tilting
Sliding
Stable
Bubbles expand and contract
Nonstable
Bubbles expand and contract it radically and explode
Renal
Kidney
Sma
Superior mesenteric artery
Only vessel posterior to ivc
RRA
IMA
Inferior mesenteric artery
Aorta should ______ as it travels inferior
Taper
Spine is __________ to aorta
Posterior
Aorta is ________ to liver
Posterior
Crus of diaphragm is _________ to the aorta
Anterior
Gastroesophogeal junction (EGJ)
Superior to aorta
Where esophagus and stomach meet
Arteries and Aorta ___________, veins do not
Pulsate
Annotation
1.) scan plane
2.) organ of interest
3.) portion of organ
The rra is ____________ to the ivc
Posterior
