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Sonography P&P > Quiz 2 (monday) > Flashcards

Quiz 2 (monday) Flashcards

1
Q

Ante-

A

Before

Ex: antenatal

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2
Q

Pre-

A

Before, In front of

Ex. Predisposing

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3
Q

Pro-

A

Before, in front of

Prodrome

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4
Q

Post-

A

After; behind

Post-traumatic

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5
Q

Brady-

A

Slow

Ex. Bradycardia

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6
Q

Tach- (o,y)

A

Fast

Ex. Tachycardia

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7
Q

Circum-

A

Around

Circumvent

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8
Q

Peri-

A

Around

Ex. Perimeter

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9
Q

Intra-

A

In, within

Ex. Intrauterine

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10
Q

Inter-

A

Between

Ex. Intercostals

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11
Q

Extra-

A

Outside

Ex. Extravascular

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12
Q

Juxta-

A

Near, beside

Ex. Juxtaposition

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13
Q

Para-

A

Near, beside

Ex. Parasagittal

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14
Q

Supra-

A

Above

Ex. Suprarenal

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15
Q

Epi-

A

Upon, over

Ex. Epidermis

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16
Q

Sub-

A

Below, under

Ex. Sublingual

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17
Q

Infra-

A

Below

Ex. Infracapsular

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18
Q

Retro-

A

Behind, backward

Ex. Retroperitoneal

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19
Q

Dors- (i, o)

A

To the back

Ex. Dorsal

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20
Q

Ventro-

A

To the front, abdomen

Ex. Ventral

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21
Q

Endo-

A

Within, innermost

Ex. Endocrine

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22
Q

Ex- (o)

A

Outside of, beyond

Ex. Exogenous

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23
Q

Mes- (o)

A

Middle, midline

Ex. Mesoderm

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24
Q

Dextr/o-

A

Right

Ex. Dextrocardia

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25
Q

Sinister/o-

A

Left

Ex. Sinistrand (toward the left)

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26
Q

Levo-

A

Left

Ex. Levoverted

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27
Q

Ec- , Ecto-

A

Out, outside

Ex. Ectoderm

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28
Q

Ab-

A

From, away

Ex. Abduct

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29
Q

Ad-

A

To, toward, near

Ex. Adduct

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30
Q

Latero- (al)

A

Side

Ex. Ipsilateral

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31
Q

Syn- , sym-

(Before b, m, & p)

A

Together

Ex. Synapse

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32
Q

Tel/e-
Tel/o-

A

End

Ex. Telangion (a terminal vessel)

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33
Q

Cyan/o

A

Blue

Ex. Cyanosis

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34
Q

Erythr/o-

A

Red

Ex. Erythrocyte

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35
Q

Leuk/o-

A

White, colorless

Ex. Leukoplakia

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36
Q

Melan/o

A

Black, dark

Ex. Melanin

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37
Q

Xanth/o

A

Yellow

Ex. Xanthoma

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38
Q

Alba-

A

White

Ex. Albino

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39
Q

What type of sound waves do handheld transducers produce and what type of echos do they collect?

A

It transmits nonionizing sound waves (in a rectangular or cone-shaped beam)

It collects the reflected echoes to form an image of internal anatomy that may be photographed, videotaped, recorded on disc, or transmitted to an interpreting physician for diagnosis

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40
Q

What does a technical observation include?

A

Measurements, calculations, and analysis of the results to accompany the ultrasound images

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41
Q

What are the three types of anatomical body planes?

A

Transverse, Sagittal, and Coronal

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42
Q

What does the transverse body plane do

A

Divide the body into unequal superior and inferior sections

Perpendicular to the long axis of the body

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43
Q

Midsagittal plane

A

Divides the body into equal right and left halves

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44
Q

Parasagittal planes

A

Divide the body into unequal right and left sections

Parallel to the long axis of the body

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45
Q

Midcoronal plane

A

Runs along the Midaxillary line and divides the body into equal anterior and posterior halves

Perpendicular to Sagittarius planes and parallel to the long axis of the body

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46
Q

What is the only plane that doesn’t divide the body into unequal anterior and posterior sections

A

Midcoronal plane

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47
Q

What do interpretations of the body planes depend on in sonography?

A

The location of the transducer and the sound wave approach

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48
Q

Sound wave approach

A

Where the sound waves enter the body

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49
Q

Endocavital scanning

A

A specialty transducer used to image structures from inside the body

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50
Q

Sagittal scanning plane orientation is indicated by….

A

A notch or raised portion on the top surface of the transducer.

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51
Q

Once the transducer orientation is established, the scanning plane can be changes by turning the transducer _____ degrees

A

90 degrees

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52
Q

Endovaginal imaging and endorectal imaging is obtained from what type of approach?

A

Inferior transcavital approach, which is technically organ oriented

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53
Q

What is used as the primary acoustic window or approach when imaging the neonatal brain?

A

The anterior fontanelle.

Sometimes posterior and mastoid fontanelle

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54
Q

Organ parenchyma

A

Tissue that makes up the organ

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55
Q

Sonographic appearance of organ parenchyma

A

Homogenous or uniform echo texture with ranges in echogenicity

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56
Q

Sonographic appearance of muscle

A

Homogenous or uniform exhibit texture with low echogenicity

Muscles appear hypoechoic

Skeletal muscle bundles are separated by bright symmetric bands of fibroadipose septate that appear hypoechoic or echogenic

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57
Q

Normal sonographic appearance of the placenta

A

I could text her changes throughout a pregnancy, from homogeneous to uniform, with moderate to high echogenicity

Normally hyperechoic or brighter parents, relative to uterine myometrium

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58
Q

Normal sonographic appearance of tissue

A

Echotexture is homogeneous or uniform and moderately echogenic in the margins appear very bright or hyperechoic compared with adjacent structures

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59
Q

Fluid filled structures

A

Blood vessels,
ducts,
umbilical cord,
amniotic, sac,
brain ventricles,
ovarian follicles,
renal calyces,
urine filled urinary bladder,
Bile filled gallbladder,
Bursa

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60
Q

Sonographic appearance of fluid filled structures

A

Lumens appear anechoic,
walls appear grey and highly echogenic or hyperechoic

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61
Q

Acoustic enhancement

A

Increased echo amplitude or posterior through transmission

Visualized posterior to a structure that does not attenuate

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62
Q

Acoustic shadows

A

Reduced echo amplitude
Echo drop off

Posterior to a structure that attenuates the sound beam

Considered a type of Sono graphic artifact

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63
Q

ALARA

A

As low as reasonably achievable / not doing more than needed

Dictates that the output level and exposure time to ultrasound is minimized while obtaining diagnostic data

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64
Q

Anechoic

A

Term used to describe an echo free appearance on a sonographic image

65
Q

Anterior (ventral)

A

Situated at or directed toward the front. A structure in front of another structure.

66
Q

Artifact

A

Image artifacts are echo features or structures observed on ultrasound images that are unassociated with the object being imaged

67
Q

Ascites

A

Accumulation of serous fluid anywhere in the abdominopelvic cavity

Looks anechoic

68
Q

Attenuation

A

Decrease in the intensity of the sun beam as it passes through a structure, caused by absorption, scatter, or beam divergence.

. Beam starts at 100 and ends with zero.

69
Q

Axial (short axis)

A

At right angles to longitudinal sections. Term used to describe the section of a structure portrayed within a skin in plane image.

70
Q

Beam divergence

A

Widening of the sound beam as it travels

71
Q

Calculi / stones

A

Concentration of mineral salts that me a company, some disease processes

72
Q

Calipers (electronic)

A

Two or more measurement cursors that can be manipulated to calibrate the distance between echoes of interest on the imaging screen

73
Q

Color flow Doppler

A

Doppler shift information and a two dimensional presentation super imposed on a real time gray scale, anatomic cross-sectional image.

Detect movement like in blood and blood vessels

74
Q

Complex mass

A

Abnormal mass within the body that is composed of both tissue and fluid

75
Q

Contralateral

A

Situated on, or affecting the opposite side

76
Q

Contrast

A

A comparison to show differences

Solid and cystic component

77
Q

Corona scanning planes

A

Any plane parallel to the long axis of the body and perpendicular to sagittal scanning planes

78
Q

Coupling agent

A

Substance used to reduce air between the ultrasound, transducer and surface of the skin

79
Q

Crura of diaphragm

A

Right and left cruise or fibromuscular bands arising from the lumbar vertebrae that insert into the central tendon of the diaphragm

80
Q

Cystic

A

Describes the sonographic appearance of a fluid collection within the body that does not meet the criteria to be considered a true cyst

81
Q

Deep

A

Internal.
Situated away from the surface.

82
Q

Diffuse disease

A

Infiltrative disease throughout an organ that disrupts, the otherwise normal sonographic appearance of organ parenchyma

83
Q

Distal

A

Situated farthest from the point of origin

84
Q

Doppler effect

A

Change an observed sound frequency caused by relative motion between the source of the sound, or reflector, and the observer

85
Q

Echogenic

A

Describes a structure that is able to produce echoes or Echo patterns on sonograms

86
Q

Echopenic

A

Few echoes

87
Q

Echo texture

A

Describes the sonographic appearance of soft tissue structures within the body

88
Q

Extraorgan pathology

A

Abnormal disease process that originates outside of an organ

89
Q

Focal/multifocal change

A

Disease process confined to isolated areas of an organ

90
Q

Focal zone

A

The point at which the sound beam is the narrowest, and the resolution is the best

91
Q

Gray scale

A

Scale of acromatic colors, having multiple graduations from black to white

92
Q

Heterogeneous

A

Describes an irregular or mixed Echo pattern on a sonographic image

93
Q

Homogeneous

A

Describes uniform or similar Eco patterns on a sonographic image

94
Q

Hyperechoic

A

Comparative term used to describe an area in the sonographic image where the echoes are brighter, or more intense compared to surrounding structures

95
Q

Inferior (caudal)

A

Toward the feet.
Situated below or directed downward.
A structural lower than another structure.

96
Q

Infiltrative disease

A

Diffuse disease process that spreads throughout an entire organ

97
Q

Interface

A

The boundary between two materials or structures

One thing stops in another thing starts

98
Q

Intraorgan pathology

A

Abnormal disease process that originates within an organ

99
Q

Intraperitoneal

A

Abdominal pelvic structures, and closed in the sack, formed by the parietal peritania

100
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Situated on, or affecting the same side

101
Q

Isogenic/isosonic

A

Comparative term used to describe an area in a sonographic image, where the echo patterns are equal in echogenicity

102
Q

Isochoic

A

Same as other tissues

103
Q

Lateral

A

Pertaining to the right or left of the middle or midline of the body. Describes a structure situated at, on, or toward the side.

104
Q

Localized disease

A

Represents a circumscribed mass or multiple masses

105
Q

Long axis

A

Represents the longest length of a structure

106
Q

Longitudinal

A

Retains the links; running lengthwise

107
Q

Mass

A

Circumscribed disease process

108
Q

Medial

A

Situated at, on, or toward the metal or midline of the body

109
Q

Medium

A

Any material through which sound waves travel

110
Q

Mesentery

A

A double fold of peritoneum that connects intraperitoneal organs to the abdominal cavity wall

111
Q

Midsagittal and parasagittal scanning planes

A

Any plain parallel to the long access of the body and perpendicular to Corona scanning planes

112
Q

Mirror image artifact (non-doppler)

A

The sonographic image of a structure is duplicated an atypical position, and appears as a mirror image of the original

113
Q

Necrotic

A

Degeneration or death of tissue

114
Q

Neoplasm

A

New, abnormal growth of existing tissues; either benign or malignant

115
Q

Orthogonal

A

At right angles; perpendicular

116
Q

Parenchyma

A

Tissue composing an organ

117
Q

Plural effusion

A

A collection of fluid inside the lungs and chest cavity

118
Q

Posterior (dorsal)

A

Situated at or directed toward the back. A structure behind another structure.

119
Q

Proximal

A

Situated closest to the point of origin or attachment

120
Q

Retroperitoneum

A

Area of the abdominopelvic cavity, located behind or posterior to the peritoneum

121
Q

Septations

A

Thin, membranous inclusions within a mass

122
Q

Solid mass

A

Abnormal mass within the body, composed of one thing, tissue

123
Q

Sonogram

A

Pictorial record with ultrasound

124
Q

Sonologist

A

The physician who interprets a sonogram

125
Q

Superficial

A

External.
Situated on or toward the surface

126
Q

Superior (cranial)

A

Toward the head.
Situated above or directed upward.
A structure higher than another structure.

127
Q

Systemic

A

Pertains to the body as a whole

128
Q

TGC (time – gain compensation)

A

Increase in receiver gain with time to compensate for loss in echo amplitude. Usually due to attenuation, with depth

129
Q

Through transmission

A

Acoustic enhancement
Increased Echo amplitude

Visualize posterior to a structure that is not attenuate (decrease, stop, impede, or absorb) the sound beam.
Considered a type of sonographic artifact.

130
Q

Transducer (ultrasound)

A

A device capable of converting electrical energy into mechanical energy, and vice versa

131
Q

Transmission

A

Term implying passage of energy through a material

132
Q

Transverse scanning planes

A

Any plane perpendicular to the long access of the body

133
Q

True cyst (simple cyst)

A

Abnormal mass within the body composed of fluid

134
Q

Ultrasound

A

Sound of frequencies above 20 kilohertz or above the range of human hearing

135
Q

Clinical criteria

A

Appropriate attire
Identification badge
Introduce yourself
Check patient identification bracelet
Explain the examination process to patient

136
Q

What’s the best position for evaluating abdominal aorta

A

Supine position

137
Q

What transducers are best for imaging superficial structures

A

Higher number megahertz (MHz) transducers

138
Q

What transducers are best for evaluating deep structures ?

A

The lower number megahertz transducers

139
Q

What MHz is best for scanning the abdominal aorta

A

3.0 or 3.5 MHz,
5.0 for very thin patients

140
Q

Transducer positions

A

Perpendicular,
Twisting/Rotating
Angled
Subcostal
Intercostal

141
Q

Info required on image documentation:

A

Patient name and identification number

Date and time

Scanning site

Name/initials of person performing study

Name/initials of endocavital studies witness

Transducer Megahertz

Patient position

Scanning plane

Area of interest

142
Q

Depth

A

Where the organ is on the screen

143
Q

Gain / TGC’s

A

How bright the image is

144
Q

Focus

A

Quality

145
Q

Transducer techniques

A

Heel toe movement

Fanning/angling/tilting

Sliding

146
Q

Stable

A

Bubbles expand and contract

147
Q

Nonstable

A

Bubbles expand and contract it radically and explode

148
Q

Renal

A

Kidney

149
Q

Sma

A

Superior mesenteric artery

150
Q

Only vessel posterior to ivc

A

RRA

151
Q

IMA

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

152
Q

Aorta should ______ as it travels inferior

A

Taper

153
Q

Spine is __________ to aorta

A

Posterior

154
Q

Aorta is ________ to liver

A

Posterior

155
Q

Crus of diaphragm is _________ to the aorta

A

Anterior

156
Q

Gastroesophogeal junction (EGJ)

A

Superior to aorta

Where esophagus and stomach meet

157
Q

Arteries and Aorta ___________, veins do not

A

Pulsate

158
Q

Annotation

A

1.) scan plane
2.) organ of interest
3.) portion of organ

159
Q

The rra is ____________ to the ivc

A

Posterior

Sonography P&P (8 decks)

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