Quiz 2 Misc. - Sheet1 Flashcards
How are pathogenicity islands acquired?
Horizontal gene transfer
Characteristics of pathogenicity islands
Horizontal gene transfer Unexpected G+C content Phage/transposon genes Non-native adjacent sequences Encodevirulence factors
Salmonella T3SS
Delivers toxins that induce membrane ruffling by stimulating actin polymerization and endocytosis
T3SS
Specialized form of secretion
Protein moves across bacterial cytoplasmic and outer membrane AND across host cell membrane through an injection needle
Effector proteins delivered into host cell cytoplasm via secretion apparatus
MacConkey/EMB
Demonstrates non-lactose fermentation
Kliger Iron Agar
Demonstrates sugar fermentation, gas production, and H2S production
Enteric bacteria
Salmonella
Shigella
E. coli
Positive characteristics of E. coli
Part of normal microflora in newborns
Synthesizes vit. K
Protects against other pathogens
Reasons gram-negagive opportunistic infections are increasing
- Increased scope of surgery
- Increased use of indwelling devices (i.e. catheters)
- Increased capacity to sustain chronically ill
- Increased use of interventials that affect immunity
- Immunosuppression due to primary infection
- Increased use of antibiotics
Virulence factors that aid in G- opportunistic infections
LPS
Cell surface structures that aid in host surface colonization
Factors involved in host nutrient acquisition
Toxins and secreted enzymes
Biofilm
Dense microbial communities surrounded by ECM
Associated with implant and catheter related infections
Implicated in chronic lung infections, endocarditis, and UTIs
Increased resistance to a range of antimicrobial agents
Most common cause of G- infections
E. coli
Normal flora E. coli can cause _____ while _____ are caused by specialized strains
UTIs, bacteremia, meningitis
GI infections
Bacteriurial infection
One in which >10^5 bacterial/mL are present in urine
Leading cause of nosocomial bacteremia
E. coli
Two routes of E. coli entry to cause bacteremia
UTI
Indwelling devices
Bacteremia is most often associated with UTI when …
urinary flow is obstructed
Critical trait of bacteremic E. coli strains
Serum resistance
Differences between typical/atypical pneumonia are based on
Antibiotic sensitivity
Localization within lung
Symptoms
Toxoid
Formaldehyde treated toxin
In which situations is a lumbar puncture indicated? What is the bacterial concern?
Fever in a neonate (group B Streptococcus or E. coli K1)
Patechial rash w/neurological symptoms (N. meningitidis)
Meningitis caused by H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae in children may be the most difficult to diagnose
