Quiz 2 (Lectures 3-4) Flashcards
Dr. David Reimer position
associate director of veterinary services and comparative medicine resources
Animal Welfare act year
1966
health research extension act year
1985
What type of law was the animal welfare act?
federal
what type of law was the health research extension act?
federal
purpose of animal welfare act?
basic animal welfare
who does the animal welfare act apply to?
research facilities, animal dealers, exhibitors, handlers and transporters of animals
purpose of health research extension act
direct public health service to provide guidelines for humane use of research animals
PHS
public health service
who administers and enforces the health research extension act?
NIH and office of laboratory animal welfare (OLAW)
Where does the health research extension act apply?
any federally funded research program
what documents are included in the health research extension act?
1: US Government Principles For the Utilization and Care of Vertebrate Animals Used in Testing, Research, and Training
2: Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
Who approves the Rutgers animal welfare policy?
executive office of the president
Purpose of Rutgers animal welfare policy governing the use of animals in research, instruction, and demonstration
establishes an assurance for the humane care and ethical use of vertebrate animals in research, compliance with federal regulations
who oversees the rutgers animal welfare policy?
IACUC: Rutgers Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
Four ways to get hurt by animals
injuries, hazardous agent exposure, allergen exposure, disease exposure
How common are allergies
relatively common in lab animal workers; develop over time
exposure routes to allergens
inhalation and direct contact
infectious disease
disease caused by biological agent: not always contagious
contagious disease
infectious disease that can be transmitted between hosts
zoonotic disease
infectious disease that can be transmitted from animal to human or human to animal
biological agents of disease
bacterial, fungal, parasitic, viral
five methods of exposure to disease
direct contact, indirect contact, vector-borne, foodborne, waterborne
source of Q-fever
cattle, sheep, goats (domestic ruminants)
urine, feces, and milk but ESPECIALLY birth fluid
often comes from aerosolized feces or dust in environment
symptoms of q fever
high fever, headache, muscle aches, sore throat, chills, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, chest pain, hepatitis, death in 1-2% of cases
who is most at risk for Q-fever
pre-existing heart disease, pregnancy, or otherwise immuno-compromised
what is the chronic form of q-fever?
endocarditis (heart valve infection) results in 65% mortality
best ways to prevent q-fever?
ppe, education, excluding public access to barns during birthing season, pasteurizing milk
treatment for q-fever?
antibiotics- most people recover without treatment
what does PPE look like for q-fever?
N95 respirator, full face shield with safety glasses, gloves and disposable sleeves, disposable overalls or laundered on site. knee high rubber boots or disposable booties.
where is leptospirosis found ?
standing water (old tires, toys left outside)
considered endemic world wide
how is leptospirosis spread?
contact with infected urine to mucus membranes, open wound, or ingestion
treatment for leptospirosis?
fatal without proper diagnosis both for humans and pets- curable with supportive care and long term antibiotics
best prevention for leptospirosis?
canine and large animal vaccines are available
signs and symptoms of leptospirosis?
muscle aches, headaches, excessive drinking and urinating, high fever and chills, vomiting or loss of appetite, jaundice, vomiting and diarrhea, kidney and/or liver failure
how is plague spread these days?
cats with fleas- often in midwest and west, vets at risk
cat symptoms of plague
fever, anorexia, lethargy, swollen lymph nodes
how many cases of plague are pneumonic? what does that mean?
10%, can be spread through air/aerosolization
Between the years 1926 and 2012 how human pneumonic cases of plague (as associated with domestic cats) were there?
six <3
signs of ringworm in animals
alopecia- asymptomatic carriers won’t lose hair
dry, flaky lesions
cause of ring worm in humans
direct contact with lesions
effect of toxoplasmosis
fetal birth defects due to intrauterine infection
transmission of toxoplasmosis
ingestion (cat feces), in utero
how to prevent toxoplasmosis in cats?
prevent hunting, only giving them cooked cat food
how to prevent toxoplasmosis in humans?
avoid cat litter while pregnant, cook all meat thoroughly
for how long is a cat infected with toxoplasmosis contagious?
they shed for about two weeks after infection
what is giardia
tiny parasite found on surfaces, soil, food, feces contaminated water
transmission of giardia
ingestion
symptoms of giardia
foul-smelling diarrhea, greasy poop that can float, gas, stomach cramps/pain, upset stomach, nausea, dehydration
is giardia treatable?
yes
parasitic zoonotic diseases
sarcoptic mange (scabies) which is generally self limiting (low human to human transmission)
hook worms (cutaneous larva migrans)
round worms (visceral, ocular, neural larva migrans) (baylisascaris, trichinella)
Seoul virus family
hantavirus family
symptoms of seoul virus
fever, headache, back pain, chills, and nausea
transmission of seoul virus
from infected rats to people through feces, saliva, urine, exposure to dust from nests/bedding
LCM
lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
where is LCM found
wild and lab mice and hamsters
introduced and spread by transplantable tumors
nude mice shed high viral load
What is ORF in animals?
contagious ecthyma virus
signs of contagious ecthyma virus
sore mouth in lambs and goat kids- shed virus from the lesions around body openings
prevention for contagious ecthyma virus
wear gloves, wash hands, avoid direct contact with lesions, keep young lambs away from public
source of rabies?
wild and domestic animals
distribution of wild to domestic rabid animal cases in US
90% wild, 10% domestic
where do most US rabies cases come from?
70% from bats
where do most world rabies deaths come from?
99% from dog rabies
NJ rabid cat average 2015-2021
~20 average rabid cats each year
NJ total terrestrial cases since 1989
8494, 90% of cases are raccoons and skunks
route of infection for rabies
animal bites- saliva in open wound
symptoms of rabies
fever, headache, muscle aches (malaise), insomnia, anxiety, confusion, slight paralysis, excitation, hallucination, agitation, hypersalivation, difficulty swallowing, hydrophobia, and eventual death
rabies incidence in US annually
1-2 clinical cases (with death) each year
40k people receive post exposure treatment
world incidence of rabies
59k deaths per year
prevention for rabies
dog vaccination, dog licensing, animal control, vaccination of at-risk population
treatment of rabies
immediate wound treatment, post exposure vaccination
which rabies variant has been eliminated in the united states
canine variant
source of most rabies cases in US
falsified health documents from dogs coming in out of country
how many infectious diseases in humans are spread from animals?
6/10, 60%
What impacts animal science?
knowledge about animals (animal biology and management systems)
public perception (product type and quality, acceptable practices)
what impacts views on animals?
social and cultural differences
what are the three parts of the spectrum on animal welfare?
animal rights, animal welfare, human dominion
animal rights
all animals have comparable rights, and each individual’s desires should be respected equally
human dominion
animals were put on this earth for us to use in whatever possible way they can benefit us the most and in the least expensive way possible
animal welfare
use animals for greater human good, but we have an obligation to provide for the majority of their physiological and behavioral needs
animal welfare is a mix of ____
science (what is) and ethics (what ought to be)
why is animal welfare difficult to measure?
never fully objective- mixes scientific knowledge with value judgements- still based on opinions
objective measurements are weighed against ethical values
Five measurements of animal welfare
health
production
physiology
behavior
mental health
three approaches to animal welfare
feeling based, biological functioning based, animal’s nature based
who founded the feeling based approach?
duncan
describe the feeling based approach
looks at the subjective experiences of animals, such as positive and negative emotions and feelings.
may involve motivation and preference testing on the animals
who founded biological functioning based approach
dr broom
describe the biological functioning based approach
physiological measures such as health, longevity, and production.
who developed the animal’s nature based approach
Fraser
describe the animal’s nature based approach
asking how well we are accommodating the animal’s natural behavior- how many it can still perform, whether its allowed to perform them
what is the caveat of the animal’s nature based approach
not all natural behaviors are in the interest of “good’ animal welfare for an individual
six measures of poor welfare
reduced life expectancy, reduced ability to grow and/or breed, body damage, disease, immunosuppression, and coping behaviors
three measures of good welfare
variety of normal behaviors shown like playing
physiological indicators of pleasure/contentment like purring
behavioral indicators of pleasure/contentment
ethograms
inventory of behaviors or actions exhibited by an animal used to measure animal welfare
What behaviors are looked for in animals when inspecting welfare?
agonistic behavior, fear, frustration and boredom
how can understanding behavior help us provide better welfare when working with animals?
helps us understand when the animal feels something is going wrong, protect ourselves against animal aggression
what is the flight zone for cattle?
triggers fight or flight
how big is the flight zone in cattle?
depends on how used to handling and humans they are
benefits of low stress cattle handling
lose less weight, less injuries, stronger immunity, better reproduction, better meat quality
purpose of low stress cattle handling
dissipate preexisting stress, create psychological well-being and physical health
five methods of low stress cattle handling
make the first experience a positive one
acclimate cattle after a transition
limit noise
apply pressure properly
keep control and be the leader
what is a welfare auditor
official organization member who inspects animal facilities
five freedoms which indicate having good welfare
freedom from hunger/thirst
freedom from discomfort
freedom from pain, injury, or disease
freedom to express normal behavior
freedom from fear and distress
PAACO
professional animal auditor certification organization
purpose of PAACO
provide consistent training to auditors nationwide, evaluate and certify audits, align producers/operations with auditors
three auditing measures
outcome-based measure
management-based measure
resource-based measure
OBM
information collected directly from the animal
MBM
information collected from records or personnel
directly examines human behavior
RBM
information collected from animal’s environment
food and space for example
Welfare assessment questions:
●Housing conditions- are they safe and accommodate the animal’s nature?
●Is the animal fed to meet its physiological/behavioral needs?
●Is this a social animal? Is it allowed social interactions?
●How often does the animal “need” to interact with humans? Do the interactions appear to be primarily positive or negative?
●Stockmanship: how often are the animals checked? How knowledgeable are the caretakers?
●What do the health indicators show? Illness, lameness, loss of productivity, longevity?
●How are potential stressful situations handled by the animals and handlers?
●Housing: Feed bunk access? Access to waterers? Space to lie down?
●What do physiological indicators show? Heart rate, stress hormone levels, # of infections
●What indicators of stress are shown? Number of vocalizations post-weaning, pain indicators post-castration
