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Animal Science > Quiz 2 (Lectures 3-4) > Flashcards

Quiz 2 (Lectures 3-4) Flashcards

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1
Q

Dr. David Reimer position

A

associate director of veterinary services and comparative medicine resources

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2
Q

Animal Welfare act year

A

1966

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3
Q

health research extension act year

A

1985

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4
Q

What type of law was the animal welfare act?

A

federal

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5
Q

what type of law was the health research extension act?

A

federal

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6
Q

purpose of animal welfare act?

A

basic animal welfare

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7
Q

who does the animal welfare act apply to?

A

research facilities, animal dealers, exhibitors, handlers and transporters of animals

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8
Q

purpose of health research extension act

A

direct public health service to provide guidelines for humane use of research animals

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9
Q

PHS

A

public health service

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10
Q

who administers and enforces the health research extension act?

A

NIH and office of laboratory animal welfare (OLAW)

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11
Q

Where does the health research extension act apply?

A

any federally funded research program

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12
Q

what documents are included in the health research extension act?

A

1: US Government Principles For the Utilization and Care of Vertebrate Animals Used in Testing, Research, and Training
2: Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals

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13
Q

Who approves the Rutgers animal welfare policy?

A

executive office of the president

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14
Q

Purpose of Rutgers animal welfare policy governing the use of animals in research, instruction, and demonstration

A

establishes an assurance for the humane care and ethical use of vertebrate animals in research, compliance with federal regulations

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15
Q

who oversees the rutgers animal welfare policy?

A

IACUC: Rutgers Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee

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16
Q

Four ways to get hurt by animals

A

injuries, hazardous agent exposure, allergen exposure, disease exposure

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17
Q

How common are allergies

A

relatively common in lab animal workers; develop over time

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18
Q

exposure routes to allergens

A

inhalation and direct contact

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19
Q

infectious disease

A

disease caused by biological agent: not always contagious

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20
Q

contagious disease

A

infectious disease that can be transmitted between hosts

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21
Q

zoonotic disease

A

infectious disease that can be transmitted from animal to human or human to animal

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22
Q

biological agents of disease

A

bacterial, fungal, parasitic, viral

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23
Q

five methods of exposure to disease

A

direct contact, indirect contact, vector-borne, foodborne, waterborne

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24
Q

source of Q-fever

A

cattle, sheep, goats (domestic ruminants)
urine, feces, and milk but ESPECIALLY birth fluid
often comes from aerosolized feces or dust in environment

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25
Q

symptoms of q fever

A

high fever, headache, muscle aches, sore throat, chills, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, chest pain, hepatitis, death in 1-2% of cases

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26
Q

who is most at risk for Q-fever

A

pre-existing heart disease, pregnancy, or otherwise immuno-compromised

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27
Q

what is the chronic form of q-fever?

A

endocarditis (heart valve infection) results in 65% mortality

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28
Q

best ways to prevent q-fever?

A

ppe, education, excluding public access to barns during birthing season, pasteurizing milk

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29
Q

treatment for q-fever?

A

antibiotics- most people recover without treatment

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30
Q

what does PPE look like for q-fever?

A

N95 respirator, full face shield with safety glasses, gloves and disposable sleeves, disposable overalls or laundered on site. knee high rubber boots or disposable booties.

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31
Q

where is leptospirosis found ?

A

standing water (old tires, toys left outside)
considered endemic world wide

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32
Q

how is leptospirosis spread?

A

contact with infected urine to mucus membranes, open wound, or ingestion

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33
Q

treatment for leptospirosis?

A

fatal without proper diagnosis both for humans and pets- curable with supportive care and long term antibiotics

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34
Q

best prevention for leptospirosis?

A

canine and large animal vaccines are available

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35
Q

signs and symptoms of leptospirosis?

A

muscle aches, headaches, excessive drinking and urinating, high fever and chills, vomiting or loss of appetite, jaundice, vomiting and diarrhea, kidney and/or liver failure

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36
Q

how is plague spread these days?

A

cats with fleas- often in midwest and west, vets at risk

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37
Q

cat symptoms of plague

A

fever, anorexia, lethargy, swollen lymph nodes

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38
Q

how many cases of plague are pneumonic? what does that mean?

A

10%, can be spread through air/aerosolization

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39
Q

Between the years 1926 and 2012 how human pneumonic cases of plague (as associated with domestic cats) were there?

A

six <3

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40
Q

signs of ringworm in animals

A

alopecia- asymptomatic carriers won’t lose hair
dry, flaky lesions

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41
Q

cause of ring worm in humans

A

direct contact with lesions

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42
Q

effect of toxoplasmosis

A

fetal birth defects due to intrauterine infection

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43
Q

transmission of toxoplasmosis

A

ingestion (cat feces), in utero

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44
Q

how to prevent toxoplasmosis in cats?

A

prevent hunting, only giving them cooked cat food

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45
Q

how to prevent toxoplasmosis in humans?

A

avoid cat litter while pregnant, cook all meat thoroughly

46
Q

for how long is a cat infected with toxoplasmosis contagious?

A

they shed for about two weeks after infection

47
Q

what is giardia

A

tiny parasite found on surfaces, soil, food, feces contaminated water

48
Q

transmission of giardia

A

ingestion

49
Q

symptoms of giardia

A

foul-smelling diarrhea, greasy poop that can float, gas, stomach cramps/pain, upset stomach, nausea, dehydration

50
Q

is giardia treatable?

A

yes

51
Q

parasitic zoonotic diseases

A

sarcoptic mange (scabies) which is generally self limiting (low human to human transmission)
hook worms (cutaneous larva migrans)
round worms (visceral, ocular, neural larva migrans) (baylisascaris, trichinella)

52
Q

Seoul virus family

A

hantavirus family

53
Q

symptoms of seoul virus

A

fever, headache, back pain, chills, and nausea

54
Q

transmission of seoul virus

A

from infected rats to people through feces, saliva, urine, exposure to dust from nests/bedding

55
Q

LCM

A

lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus

56
Q

where is LCM found

A

wild and lab mice and hamsters
introduced and spread by transplantable tumors
nude mice shed high viral load

57
Q

What is ORF in animals?

A

contagious ecthyma virus

58
Q

signs of contagious ecthyma virus

A

sore mouth in lambs and goat kids- shed virus from the lesions around body openings

59
Q

prevention for contagious ecthyma virus

A

wear gloves, wash hands, avoid direct contact with lesions, keep young lambs away from public

60
Q

source of rabies?

A

wild and domestic animals

61
Q

distribution of wild to domestic rabid animal cases in US

A

90% wild, 10% domestic

62
Q

where do most US rabies cases come from?

A

70% from bats

63
Q

where do most world rabies deaths come from?

A

99% from dog rabies

64
Q

NJ rabid cat average 2015-2021

A

~20 average rabid cats each year

65
Q

NJ total terrestrial cases since 1989

A

8494, 90% of cases are raccoons and skunks

66
Q

route of infection for rabies

A

animal bites- saliva in open wound

67
Q

symptoms of rabies

A

fever, headache, muscle aches (malaise), insomnia, anxiety, confusion, slight paralysis, excitation, hallucination, agitation, hypersalivation, difficulty swallowing, hydrophobia, and eventual death

68
Q

rabies incidence in US annually

A

1-2 clinical cases (with death) each year
40k people receive post exposure treatment

69
Q

world incidence of rabies

A

59k deaths per year

70
Q

prevention for rabies

A

dog vaccination, dog licensing, animal control, vaccination of at-risk population

71
Q

treatment of rabies

A

immediate wound treatment, post exposure vaccination

72
Q

which rabies variant has been eliminated in the united states

A

canine variant

73
Q

source of most rabies cases in US

A

falsified health documents from dogs coming in out of country

74
Q

how many infectious diseases in humans are spread from animals?

A

6/10, 60%

75
Q

What impacts animal science?

A

knowledge about animals (animal biology and management systems)
public perception (product type and quality, acceptable practices)

76
Q

what impacts views on animals?

A

social and cultural differences

77
Q

what are the three parts of the spectrum on animal welfare?

A

animal rights, animal welfare, human dominion

78
Q

animal rights

A

all animals have comparable rights, and each individual’s desires should be respected equally

79
Q

human dominion

A

animals were put on this earth for us to use in whatever possible way they can benefit us the most and in the least expensive way possible

80
Q

animal welfare

A

use animals for greater human good, but we have an obligation to provide for the majority of their physiological and behavioral needs

81
Q

animal welfare is a mix of ____

A

science (what is) and ethics (what ought to be)

82
Q

why is animal welfare difficult to measure?

A

never fully objective- mixes scientific knowledge with value judgements- still based on opinions
objective measurements are weighed against ethical values

83
Q

Five measurements of animal welfare

A

health
production
physiology
behavior
mental health

84
Q

three approaches to animal welfare

A

feeling based, biological functioning based, animal’s nature based

85
Q

who founded the feeling based approach?

A

duncan

86
Q

describe the feeling based approach

A

looks at the subjective experiences of animals, such as positive and negative emotions and feelings.
may involve motivation and preference testing on the animals

87
Q

who founded biological functioning based approach

A

dr broom

88
Q

describe the biological functioning based approach

A

physiological measures such as health, longevity, and production.

89
Q

who developed the animal’s nature based approach

A

Fraser

90
Q

describe the animal’s nature based approach

A

asking how well we are accommodating the animal’s natural behavior- how many it can still perform, whether its allowed to perform them

91
Q

what is the caveat of the animal’s nature based approach

A

not all natural behaviors are in the interest of “good’ animal welfare for an individual

92
Q

six measures of poor welfare

A

reduced life expectancy, reduced ability to grow and/or breed, body damage, disease, immunosuppression, and coping behaviors

93
Q

three measures of good welfare

A

variety of normal behaviors shown like playing
physiological indicators of pleasure/contentment like purring
behavioral indicators of pleasure/contentment

94
Q

ethograms

A

inventory of behaviors or actions exhibited by an animal used to measure animal welfare

95
Q

What behaviors are looked for in animals when inspecting welfare?

A

agonistic behavior, fear, frustration and boredom

96
Q

how can understanding behavior help us provide better welfare when working with animals?

A

helps us understand when the animal feels something is going wrong, protect ourselves against animal aggression

97
Q

what is the flight zone for cattle?

A

triggers fight or flight

98
Q

how big is the flight zone in cattle?

A

depends on how used to handling and humans they are

99
Q

benefits of low stress cattle handling

A

lose less weight, less injuries, stronger immunity, better reproduction, better meat quality

100
Q

purpose of low stress cattle handling

A

dissipate preexisting stress, create psychological well-being and physical health

101
Q

five methods of low stress cattle handling

A

make the first experience a positive one
acclimate cattle after a transition
limit noise
apply pressure properly
keep control and be the leader

102
Q

what is a welfare auditor

A

official organization member who inspects animal facilities

103
Q

five freedoms which indicate having good welfare

A

freedom from hunger/thirst
freedom from discomfort
freedom from pain, injury, or disease
freedom to express normal behavior
freedom from fear and distress

104
Q

PAACO

A

professional animal auditor certification organization

105
Q

purpose of PAACO

A

provide consistent training to auditors nationwide, evaluate and certify audits, align producers/operations with auditors

106
Q

three auditing measures

A

outcome-based measure
management-based measure
resource-based measure

107
Q

OBM

A

information collected directly from the animal

108
Q

MBM

A

information collected from records or personnel
directly examines human behavior

109
Q

RBM

A

information collected from animal’s environment
food and space for example

110
Q

Welfare assessment questions:

A

●Housing conditions- are they safe and accommodate the animal’s nature?
●Is the animal fed to meet its physiological/behavioral needs?
●Is this a social animal? Is it allowed social interactions?
●How often does the animal “need” to interact with humans? Do the interactions appear to be primarily positive or negative?
●Stockmanship: how often are the animals checked? How knowledgeable are the caretakers?
●What do the health indicators show? Illness, lameness, loss of productivity, longevity?
●How are potential stressful situations handled by the animals and handlers?
●Housing: Feed bunk access? Access to waterers? Space to lie down?
●What do physiological indicators show? Heart rate, stress hormone levels, # of infections
●What indicators of stress are shown? Number of vocalizations post-weaning, pain indicators post-castration

Animal Science (11 decks)

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