Quiz 1 (Lectures 1-2) Flashcards
morrill act year
1862
The morrill act was signed into law by
abraham lincoln
purpose of the morrill act
grant federal land money to each state to establish colleges - make college education available to general public
hatch act year
1887
hatch act purpose
establish agricultural experiment stations at each land grant college to improve scientific research in agriculture and engineering
context of the hatch act
civil war- wanted to rebuild the country
smith-lever act year
1914
purpose of smith-lever act
established cooperative extension service with offices in every county
purpose of extension offices
educational programs depending on needs of the county
second morrill act year
1890
second morrill act purpose
conferred land grant status to 20 HBCUS
elementary and secondary education reauthorization act year
1994
elementary and secondary education reauthorization act purpose
confer land grant status to 30 native american colleges that make up the american indian higher education consortium
what distinguishes land grant universities?
continuing education extension programs, experiment stations and research centers
who lobbied to make sure rutgers was a land grant university
george hammel cook
what was gh cook a professor of
NOT ANIMAL SCIENCE chemistry and natural sciences
animal products include:
clothing, food, service, and work
In the US, animal products provide:
33% of cals, 67% of protein
in world, animal products provide:
16% of cals, 35% of proteins
three food animal products
eggs, meat, milk, and dairy products
why did egg production dip in 2015
avian flu
what breed of chicken produces most eggs
leghorn - 300 eggs per year, very consistent
top states for egg production
OPIIC
where do most eggs go?
56% to table consumption, 32% for processing, rest for institutions and export
poultry meats
chicken & turkey
diet of poultry
corn, soybean meal (nonruminants)
broiler age at slaughter
6-8 weeks depending on breed
age of turkeys at slaughter
usually six months; almost entirely in november
when did per capita chicken consumption finally exceed beef consumption?
~1990
when was chicken bred for meat?
1940s- previously a byproduct of egg production
what happened to poultry in the 50s/60s?
vertical integration
vertical integration:
single company being involved in every process, stabilizing rapidly changing relationships between inputs, production, and marketing segments
benefits of vertical integration in the poultry industry
fewer worker hours due to improved tech, larger flock sizes
reduction in feed (genetics and nutrition)
better health programs for welfare of birds
able to go to market at any time of year
pig diet
nonruminants: corn and soybean meal (same as poultry)
How long are pigs alive before being sent to the packing plant?
6 months
average litter size
12 piglets
diet of beef cattle
ruminants: time grazing pasture
parts of the beef industry
1: cow/calf operations
2: stocker/yearling
3: feedlots/finishing
4: packing plant <3
Why can cattle inventory go down but beef pounds continue to go up?
more lbs per cattlehead than ever before (genetics)
lamb/mutton diet
forage/pasture AND grain (corn soybean meal)
CONSIDERED SMALL RUMINANTS
when are lamb harvested
6-8 weeks for spring religious holidays
6-10 months at any other time
when are mutton harvested
may be several years old
biological production cycle of beef, pork, poultry
beef: 24 months
pork: 10 months
poultry: 4-5 months
genetics base of beef, pork, poultry
beef: wide and widening
pork: moderately wide but narrowing
poultry: narrow
who has the most incentive for vertical integration? why?
poultry has the highest incentive since everything is happening quickly- they need to be able to adapt to things like avian flu etc
Why is vertical integration such a good method for brands/farms?
value-added retail proudcts, name brands, new product marketing
dairy product classification:
class 1: fluid
class 2: manufactured
where is the milk and dairy industry concentrated
great lakes, new england, southeast through california
milk composition (whole milk)
88% water, 4.8% lactose, 3.3% protein, 3.8% fat, 0.1% ash/minerals
What is the future of animal science departments?
less species-specific units, less focus on agriculture, more focus on agro-tourism, companion animals, research, and translation to human health
How will ever increasing needs for food be met?
biotechnology and technology in general to improve industry
effects of genomics
improved livestock breeds, faster breeding decisions, quality and trait certification
examples of transgenic animals
enviropig. transgenic goats, transgenic cows
enviropig
digests plant phosphorus more efficiently, reduces environmental phosphorous
transgenic goats
produce spider silk in their milk (used to make bullet proof vests)
transgenic cows
produce more casein in milk which increases health for offspring and cheese yield
Who led AI in NJ/US
Enos J Perry (Father of Artificial Insemination in US)
