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A&P2 Leture > Quiz 2 Lecture > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Anema:

A

Not enough RBC and/or not enough hemoglobin. symptom: not delivering enough oxygen

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2
Q

3 main causes of anemia:

A
  • inadequate RBC formation or hemoglobin synthesis
  • hemorrhagic anemia (you lose blood)
  • hemolytic anemia (destruction of RBC)
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3
Q

what are the 4 causes of inadequate RBC formation or hemoglobin synthesis?

A
  • inadequate vitamin B12 because of poor nutrition or lack of intrinsic factor from stomach (pernicious anemia)
  • iron deficiency
  • kidney failure leading to insufficient erythropoietin
  • complete cessation of RBC formation (aplastic anemia, cause is often unknown)
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4
Q

What is pernicious anemia?

A
  • you can’t absorb b12. inadequate vitamin B12 because of poor nutrition or lack of intrinsic factor from stomach (pernicious anemia).
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5
Q

What is aplastic anemia?

A

-complete cessation of RBC formation (aplastic anemia, cause is often unknown)

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6
Q

What is hemorrhagic anemia?

A

loss of blood, one of the causes of anemia

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7
Q

what is hemolytic anemia?

A

RBC destruction, one of the causes of anemia.

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8
Q

What are the 4 effects of anemia?

A
  • Tissue hypoxia-low oxygen (causing shortness of breath and lethargy)
  • Tissue necrosis (pathological cell death)
  • Low blood osmolarity (leading to tissue edema)
  • low blood viscosity (leading to rapid heart rate, low blood pressure)
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9
Q

What is sickle-cell disease?

A

A genetic disease causing a shortened life in homozygous individuals.

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10
Q

How does sickle-cell disease work?

A

HbS turns to gel in low oxygen concentrations. Cells are deformed and agglutinate causing hemolysis. Hemolysis causes anemia. Blocked vessels cause intense pain, tissue necrosis, heart failure, paralysis, hypoxemia, etc

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11
Q

Heterozygous/ homozygous sickle cell disease:

A

sickle cell disease prevents getting infected with a parasite that causes malaria. Heterozygous can’t get infected either.

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12
Q

Thalassemia is what and is common among who?

A

it is a similar hereditary Hb defect seen especially among people of Mediterranean, African, and Asian ancestry.
abnormal hemoglobin causes increased destruction of RBCs. RBC counts may be less than 2 million cells/uL.

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13
Q

Thalassemia major?

A

two copies of the thalassemia allele

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14
Q

Thalassemia minor?

A

a single copy, a carrier

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15
Q

Two froms of thalassemia, besides major and minor?

A
  • Alpha: missing or mutated genes related to alpha globin protein
  • Beta: missing or mutated genes related to beta globin protein
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16
Q

What are antigens?

A

carbohydrates on RBC’s that act as ID markers. They trigger a response from the immune system.

17
Q

What are antibodies?

A

proteins in our plasma that bind to antigens.

18
Q 
Name antigen/antibodies:
Type A
Type B
Type AB
Type O
A

Type A - antigen A, antibody B
Type B - antigen B, antibody A
Type AB - antigen A&B, neither antibody AorB
Type O - Neither antigen A/B, Antibody A&B

19
Q

What is it called with RBC’s clump together?

A

Antibodies bind to the antigens causing the RBC’s to stick together. Its called agglutination. Blood flow will clump up and stop. it wont flow through the capillary bed anymore.

20
Q

What blood type is a universal recipient?

A

type AB+

21
Q

What blood type is a universal donor?

A

O-

22
Q

Rh factor:

A

hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). Rh- mother and an Rh + baby. affects second child.

23
Q

What is a WBC?

A

white blood cell; leukocyte. granulocytes and agranulocytes

24
Q

Types of granulocyte WBCs and types of agranulocyte WBCs

A
  • Granulocyte: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

- Agranulocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes

25
Q

What are neutrophils?

A
  • Type of leukocyte (WBC)
  • 60 to 70% of WBC
  • Increase in bacterial infections
  • Cause phagocytosis of bacteria
  • release antimicrobial chemicals
  • considered a non specific defense bc they don’t require to have encountered that specific bacteria before
26
Q

What are eosinophils?

A
  • Type of leukocyte (WBC)
  • 2 to 4% of WBC
  • increase in parasitic infections or allergies
  • phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes, allergens & inflammatory chemicals
  • Release enzymes that destroy parasites such as worms
27
Q

What are Basophils?

A
  • Type of leukocyte (WBC)
  • <0.5% of WBC
  • increase in chicken pox, sinusitis, diabetes etc
  • secrete histamin (a vasodialator)
  • secrete heparin (an anticoagulant)
28
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A
  • Type of leukocyte (WBC)
  • 25 to 33% of WBC’s
  • increase in diverse infections and immune responses)
  • Destroy cancer foreign cells and virally infected cells
  • Activate other immune cells (B cells produce antibodies; T cells attack& destroy OR activate both B&T cells)
  • Coordinate actions of other immune cells
  • Secrete antibodies and provide immune memory
29
Q

What are monocytes?

A

-Type of leukocyte (WBC)
3 to 8% of WBCs
-increase in viral infections and inflammation
-differentiate into macrophages
-phagocytize pathogens and debris
- present antigens to activate other immune cells

30
Q

Development of WBC’s start to finish:

A

Pluripotent stem cells > colony forming units > precursor cells > mature cells

31
Q

3 abnormalities of leukocyte count:

A

Leukopenia
Leukocytosis
Leukemia

32
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

:low WBc count (<5000/uL)

  • caused by radiation, poisons, infections disease (damage to red bone marrow)
  • results in elevated risk of infection
33
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

:High WBC count (>10,000/uL)

  • caused by infection, allergy & disease
  • a differential count distinguishes % of each cell type
34
Q

What is Leukemia?

A

:cancer of hemopoietic tissue

  • patient subject to opportunistic infection, anemia & impaired clotting
  • treatment by chemotherapy and marrow transplants

A&P2 Leture (5 decks)

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