Quiz 2 Lecture Flashcards
Anema:
Not enough RBC and/or not enough hemoglobin. symptom: not delivering enough oxygen
3 main causes of anemia:
- inadequate RBC formation or hemoglobin synthesis
- hemorrhagic anemia (you lose blood)
- hemolytic anemia (destruction of RBC)
what are the 4 causes of inadequate RBC formation or hemoglobin synthesis?
- inadequate vitamin B12 because of poor nutrition or lack of intrinsic factor from stomach (pernicious anemia)
- iron deficiency
- kidney failure leading to insufficient erythropoietin
- complete cessation of RBC formation (aplastic anemia, cause is often unknown)
What is pernicious anemia?
- you can’t absorb b12. inadequate vitamin B12 because of poor nutrition or lack of intrinsic factor from stomach (pernicious anemia).
What is aplastic anemia?
-complete cessation of RBC formation (aplastic anemia, cause is often unknown)
What is hemorrhagic anemia?
loss of blood, one of the causes of anemia
what is hemolytic anemia?
RBC destruction, one of the causes of anemia.
What are the 4 effects of anemia?
- Tissue hypoxia-low oxygen (causing shortness of breath and lethargy)
- Tissue necrosis (pathological cell death)
- Low blood osmolarity (leading to tissue edema)
- low blood viscosity (leading to rapid heart rate, low blood pressure)
What is sickle-cell disease?
A genetic disease causing a shortened life in homozygous individuals.
How does sickle-cell disease work?
HbS turns to gel in low oxygen concentrations. Cells are deformed and agglutinate causing hemolysis. Hemolysis causes anemia. Blocked vessels cause intense pain, tissue necrosis, heart failure, paralysis, hypoxemia, etc
Heterozygous/ homozygous sickle cell disease:
sickle cell disease prevents getting infected with a parasite that causes malaria. Heterozygous can’t get infected either.
Thalassemia is what and is common among who?
it is a similar hereditary Hb defect seen especially among people of Mediterranean, African, and Asian ancestry.
abnormal hemoglobin causes increased destruction of RBCs. RBC counts may be less than 2 million cells/uL.
Thalassemia major?
two copies of the thalassemia allele
Thalassemia minor?
a single copy, a carrier
Two froms of thalassemia, besides major and minor?
- Alpha: missing or mutated genes related to alpha globin protein
- Beta: missing or mutated genes related to beta globin protein
What are antigens?
carbohydrates on RBC’s that act as ID markers. They trigger a response from the immune system.
What are antibodies?
proteins in our plasma that bind to antigens.
Name antigen/antibodies: Type A Type B Type AB Type O
Type A - antigen A, antibody B
Type B - antigen B, antibody A
Type AB - antigen A&B, neither antibody AorB
Type O - Neither antigen A/B, Antibody A&B
What is it called with RBC’s clump together?
Antibodies bind to the antigens causing the RBC’s to stick together. Its called agglutination. Blood flow will clump up and stop. it wont flow through the capillary bed anymore.
What blood type is a universal recipient?
type AB+
What blood type is a universal donor?
O-
Rh factor:
hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). Rh- mother and an Rh + baby. affects second child.
What is a WBC?
white blood cell; leukocyte. granulocytes and agranulocytes
Types of granulocyte WBCs and types of agranulocyte WBCs
- Granulocyte: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
- Agranulocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes
What are neutrophils?
- Type of leukocyte (WBC)
- 60 to 70% of WBC
- Increase in bacterial infections
- Cause phagocytosis of bacteria
- release antimicrobial chemicals
- considered a non specific defense bc they don’t require to have encountered that specific bacteria before
What are eosinophils?
- Type of leukocyte (WBC)
- 2 to 4% of WBC
- increase in parasitic infections or allergies
- phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes, allergens & inflammatory chemicals
- Release enzymes that destroy parasites such as worms
What are Basophils?
- Type of leukocyte (WBC)
- <0.5% of WBC
- increase in chicken pox, sinusitis, diabetes etc
- secrete histamin (a vasodialator)
- secrete heparin (an anticoagulant)
What are lymphocytes?
- Type of leukocyte (WBC)
- 25 to 33% of WBC’s
- increase in diverse infections and immune responses)
- Destroy cancer foreign cells and virally infected cells
- Activate other immune cells (B cells produce antibodies; T cells attack& destroy OR activate both B&T cells)
- Coordinate actions of other immune cells
- Secrete antibodies and provide immune memory
What are monocytes?
-Type of leukocyte (WBC)
3 to 8% of WBCs
-increase in viral infections and inflammation
-differentiate into macrophages
-phagocytize pathogens and debris
- present antigens to activate other immune cells
Development of WBC’s start to finish:
Pluripotent stem cells > colony forming units > precursor cells > mature cells
3 abnormalities of leukocyte count:
Leukopenia
Leukocytosis
Leukemia
What is leukopenia?
:low WBc count (<5000/uL)
- caused by radiation, poisons, infections disease (damage to red bone marrow)
- results in elevated risk of infection
What is leukocytosis?
:High WBC count (>10,000/uL)
- caused by infection, allergy & disease
- a differential count distinguishes % of each cell type
What is Leukemia?
:cancer of hemopoietic tissue
- patient subject to opportunistic infection, anemia & impaired clotting
- treatment by chemotherapy and marrow transplants
