Quiz 2 FC

Question 1

The Iceberg Effect

Answer 1

-in healthcare we only see tip of iceberg, when people have a clinical disease with discernible effect
-the vast majority of people actually lie in subclinical disease without showing symptoms or visual change (below measurable level)

Question 2

What are the 3 classes of a clinical infection?

Answer 2

Class A: Inapparent Infection Frequent
Class B: Clinical Disease Frequent; Few deaths
Class C: Infections usually fatal

Question 3

Class A: Inapparent Infection Frequent

Answer 3

most people have the inactive dominant form (opportunistic infection: bacteria sits inside a prison until infected with something else or re-infected to trigger reaction) and are carriers
example: TB

Question 4

Class B: Clinical Disease Frequent; Few deaths

Answer 4

majority of people show moderate symptoms and get disease but very few deaths
example: measles, monkeypox

Question 5

Class C: Infections usually fatal

Answer 5

if you get it you die, very small amount are serious in symptoms and survive
example: rabies (oldest virus in humans)

Question 6

What is Non-Clinical (Inapparent Disease)? There are 3 types

Answer 6

-Preclinical disease
-Subclinical disease
-Persistent (Chronic) disease

Question 7

Preclincal disease

Answer 7

not apparent yet but it is destined to progress, don’t really know when you will get it yet (before manifestation, don’t have it, it manifests, you have it)
ex: Schizophrenia (mid 30s)

Question 8

Subclincal disease

Answer 8

Disease that is not clinically apparent and it not likely to become clinically apparent, you might never manifest it- show no signs or symptoms and never know you have it

Question 9

Persistent (Chronic) disease

Answer 9

person fails to “shake off” infection, and it persists for years at a time for life
ex: Diabetes

Question 10

Carrier

Answer 10

Carry a genetic marker and can pass it on, but don’t express symptoms or have the disease

Question 11

Explain how carrier status works in a family tree

Answer 11

You and your partner can both be carriers and have a child that is affected with the genetic marker and expressing the condition, is a carrier like you, or unaffected non-carrier
ex) sickle cell anemia, breast cancer (brecca 1/2)

Question 12

Reservoir Host

Answer 12

The wildlife version of a carrier
-carriers pathogens without showing symptoms and then infects a human (or a tic) and human gets sick and shows symptoms

Question 13

Case

Answer 13

an individual with the disease of interest

Question 14

Incidence

Answer 14

the number of new cases during a given time

Question 15

Incidence rate

Answer 15

the number of new cases of disease during a given time over the population at risk during a given time (often includes people who got the disease in the total)

INCIDENCE RATE= TOTAL NUMBER OF NEW INFECTIONS/NUMBER OF PEOPLE AT RISK

Question 16

prevalence

Answer 16

the number of existing cases of a disease during a specific time period
ex: over the course of one year

Question 17

prevalence rate

Answer 17

the number of existing cases of a disease existing a given time over the total population at risk during a given time to determine how quickly disease occurs in a population

P= TOTAL NUMBER OF CASES/TOTAL POPULATION

Question 18

Endemic

Answer 18

-level of transmission can vary by location (country, state) but remains CONSTANT at a SPECIFIC LOCATION
-a disease that is always present in a particular population or region and is expected to remain indefinitely
*Health office will monitor case numbers if it becomes and epidemic due to a spike in baseline of level of transmission we expect

Question 19

epidemic

Answer 19

The occurrence in a community or region of a group of illnesses of similar nature, clearly in excess of normal expectancy and derived from a common or a propagated source
-an endemic disease that has exceeded normal disease levels
-typically limited to one countries or a few (an increase in multiple regions or communities)
*Health organizations work to track and limit epidemics (WHO, CDC, Health Ministry)

Question 20

spike

Answer 20

an increase from the baseline expected amount

Question 21

secondary cases

Answer 21

cases that come after the primary case

Question 22

disease outbreak

Answer 22

When a few, sick, non-immunized people spread a contagious disease to the population around which is healthy but not immunized

Question 23

herd immunity

Answer 23

a few people are sick and non-immunized and spread contagious disease to surrounding community of a few non-immunized and healthy people who become infected, but the majority of the community is immunized and remains healthy because of that
ex: measles

Question 24

incubation period

Answer 24

time elapsed between exposure to a pathogenic organism, a chemical, or radiation, and when symptoms and signs are first apparent
ex: Covid has a up to a 14 day incubation period

Question 25

attack rate

Answer 25

the number of people at risk in whom a certain illness develops/ the total number of people at risk

Question 26

secondary attack rate

Answer 26

The number of people exposed to the disease following exposure to the primary case (patient 0) who go on to develop the disease/ the total number of the population at risk

Question 27

three questions when exploring the occurrence of a disease

Answer 27

Who was attacked by the disease?
When did the disease occur?
Where did the cases arise?

Question 28

who (characteristics of human host)

Answer 28

Biological factors: sex, age, race
Behavioral risk factors: smoking, socioeconomic status, education
*measure data on say 1,000 ind and then find the group mean of say “age” to the whole population

Question 29

When

Answer 29

certain diseases occur periodically
-seasonal due to temp variation
-influenced by weather, human migration, animal activity
*can predict the start and end of the flu season

Question 30

Where

Answer 30

Disease is not randomly distributed in time or place
-influenced by multiple factors
-not limited to infectious disease

Question 31

disease outbreaks def and which are most common?

Answer 31

sudden or abrupt increase in the number of cases of a disease
*new disease can also be defined as outbreaks
-typically limited to a specific location or community
in usa: foodborn illness
globally: neglected tropical disease

Question 32

Steps of an Outbreak Investigation

Answer 32

1) establish the existence of an outbreak
2) verify the diagnosis
3) define a case and count cases
4) orient the data in terms of time, place, and person (group)
5) determine who is at risk for becoming ill
6) develop a hypothesis
7) compare hypothesis with established facts
8) plan a more systemic study
9) prepare a written report
10) execute control and prevention measures

EVery day Olga Decides Dumbly to Crush Pianos Passionately- Eeeeek!

Question 33

Cross-Tabulation

Answer 33

tool used to determine which of the possible agents (infectious substance, person) is suspected to be the cause of the outbreak
-by comparing number of cases of people exposed to a certain variable

Question 34

pandemic

Answer 34

-an epidemic that has expanded to a multinational or global level
ex: COVID-19, SARS