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Invertebrate Biology > Quiz 2 - Deuterstomes > Flashcards

Quiz 2 - Deuterstomes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the earliest fossil of exhinoderms and deuterstomes found in the ediacaran

A

Arkarua

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2
Q

What dominated the ediacaran fauna? What about the cambrian?

A

Sponges and diploblasts

Cambrian - arthropods

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3
Q

What is the first accepted deuterstome fossil

A

Vetulicolians

  • segmentation, bipartite, gill slits
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4
Q

Homalozoans were early deuters .. in the mid cambrian and devonian - they had…

A

Gill slits, post anal tail, lacked radial symmetry

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5
Q

What were the deuterstomes close to hemichordates with a bipartite body, and segmented tail?

A

Velulocystida

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6
Q

What were similar to the velulocystids (close to hemichordates)?

A

Stylophorans

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7
Q

What were the two interpretations of early echinoderms

A

Enchino w early feeding arm

Or

Echino pre-radial w hemichordate stalk

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8
Q

The yanjiahella was found between the….

A

Echino and hemichordate

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9
Q

What was the earliest accepted hemichordate from the lower cambrian

A

Yunnanozoon

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10
Q

What was the fossil with a notochord and segmented musculature?

A

Pikaia

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11
Q

What was the chordate fossil that lacked a cranium?

A

Haikouella

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12
Q

What belongs to the ambulacraria?

A

Echinoderm

Hemichordate

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13
Q

What phyla of ambulacraria are exclusively marine, benthic, macroscopic?

A

Echinoderms

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14
Q

What is different between the forms of paleozoic echinos and modern echinos?

A

Paleo - sessile

Modern - motile

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15
Q

What is the most ancient class of echinos

A

Crinoidea

Sea lillies and sea feathers

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16
Q

Describe the sea lillies and sea feathers… what class? Where are they found? How to they use their tube feet?

A

Crinoidea - ancient class

All benthic

Tube feed for suspension feeding

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17
Q

What class do sea stars belong to

A

Asteroidea

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18
Q

What is benthic, found at all depths, pentaradial, predatory and scavenger?

A

Asteroidea - sea stars

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19
Q

What class do brittle stars belong to?

A

Ophiuroidea

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20
Q

What species are found in class echinoidea?

A

Sea urchins and sand dollars

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21
Q

For sea urchins and sand $, what gives them their pentaradial symmetry

A

Fused skeletal ossicles

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22
Q

What is the regular form of echinoidieans?

A

Sea urchins

Long movable spines
Move w tube feet + spines
Pedicellariae for cleaning and defense

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23
Q

What is the irregular form of echinoidieans?

A

Sand $ form

Short spines for locomotion + free sediment, secondary bilateral symmetry for digging and burrowing

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24
Q

What class are sea cucumbers in?

A

Holothuroidea

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25
Q

How did sea cucumbers get bilateral symmetry

A

Secondarily

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26
Q

How to cucumbers eat

A

Suspension feed / deposit feed using tentacles + mucus

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27
Q

How to cucumbers move?

A

Ventral tube feet + body muscles

28
Q

What are hemichordate

A

Marine
Benthic
Macroscopic
Motile or sessile

29
Q

What are the 5 classes of sea stars

A 
Crinoidea (sea lillies + feathers)
Asteroidea (sea star)
Ophiuroidea (brittle)
Echinoidea (urchins + sand $)
Holothuroidea (cucumbers)
30
Q

What are the two classes of hemichordates?

A

Pterobramchia

Enteropneusta (acorn worms)

31
Q

Describe pterobranchia

A

Tube dwelling colonial animals

Looks like bryozoans, superficially

Tripartite body

32
Q

Describe enteropneusta

A

Acorn worms
Solitary, sediment dwelling
Tripartite
Feed on sediment particles

33
Q

What are the characteristics of ambulacraria

A

Tripartite bodies (and coeloms)

Axial complexity

Larval forms free swimming, bilateral, soft bodied, ciliated

34
Q

What surrounds the viscera (internal, organs) and contains the watery coelomic fluid

(Ambulacraria)

A

Pervisceral coelom

35
Q

All ambulacraria classes have lost this except for the crinoids.. what is it

A

Hydrocoel

36
Q

What makes the WVS in ambulacraria

A

Isolated portion of coelom

37
Q

Hemichordate have a proboscis, stalk and collar… what is the protocoel?

A

Space insider proboscis mostly muscles fibers

38
Q

What is the difference in axial complexity in echinoderms and hemichordates?

A

Echinos - junction of perivisceral coelom, WVS, + hemal coelom

Hemichordates - heart kidney complex

39
Q

What are the 6 characteristics of echinoderms

A 
Endoskeleton
Pedicellariae (pincers)
Dermal branchiae / papulae
WVS
pentaradial symmetry 
Ambulacra grooves
40
Q

What is the endo skeleton of enchinoderms made up of?

A

Skeletal ossicles

Calcium carbonate makes the stereom

41
Q

How does the endo skeleton of holothuroidea differ from other echinos?

A

Lost bulky plates, but have microscopic plates instead

42
Q

Describe what the pedicellariae do in enchinos

A

Dorsal side
3-forceps like extensions, cut off larvae / pinch

Looks like long stalk w bulbous head w 3 valves

43
Q

The pedicellariae are found where

A

Base of spine

44
Q

What do the 3 valves of pedicellariae do?

A

Act like jaws that snap at anything the touches their sensor

45
Q

What is the dermal branchiae

A

Thin folds of body wall

Extend btw ossicles

Used for gas exchange

46
Q

What is the function of papulae / dermal branchiae

A

Gas exchange/ respiration

Thought of like gills on the skin of echinos - thin fold of the body wall, extend btw ossicles

47
Q

The WVS of echinos extends from the body surface as a series of tentacles projecting… what are these projections / extensions

A

Tube feet / podia

48
Q

What were tube feet originally evolved for?

A

Feeding first, then locomotion

49
Q

How do the tube connect to the outside?

A

Via the madreporite

50
Q

What is the function of polian vessicles?

A

Maintain internal pressure

51
Q

The radial canals extend down what…

A

Down the ambulacral grooves

52
Q

Where to lateral canals lead to?

A

Tube feet

53
Q

How to tube feet extend from the echino?

A

Hydrostatic pressure via ampullae

Ampullae move water into tube feet

54
Q

List the different parts of echino WVS

A

Podia / tube feet
Connects to the outside via madreporite
Polian vessicle - internal pressure
Radial/ring canals - extend down ambulacra
Lateral canals - lead to tube feet
Ampullae - pull water into tube feet
Tube feet extend via hydrostatic pressure

55
Q

What is pentaradial symmetry in echinoderm linked to?

A

Sessile lifestyle of ancestor

56
Q

What is different about the symmetry of sea urchins and sand dollars (Ophiuroidea)

A

Superimposed bilateral symmetry on pentaradial symmetry

57
Q

How is pentaradial symmetry developped in echinos upon metamorphosis

A

Metamorphosis of echinos makes larva

The left side of larva develops into adult + makes oral side

Right side is absorbed

58
Q

How to asteroideans develop the WVS + canals

A

Coelom cavity makes a U shape
Coelomic parts separate
Form WVS + canals

59
Q

How do echinos develop

What are the 2 larval stages

A

1 - ciliated bands cover bipinnarial function in locomotion + feeding

2 - brachiolaria
Larva grows 3 adhesive arms + sucks to attach to surfaces

Larva then metamorphosis

60
Q

What classes have ambulcra grooves restricted to the oral surface

A

Crinoids
Asteroidea
Ophiuroidea

61
Q

What classes have ambulcra grooves that extend oral to aboral, and lack arms

A

Echinoidea

Holothuiroidea

62
Q

What did echinos likely descend from?

A

Bilateral ancestors that evolved radially for a sessile lifestyle

63
Q

What fossils lacks 5 fold symmetry but has spiral grooves indicative of ambulacral groove

A

Heliocoplacus

64
Q

What extinct class of echinos was sessile with thick stalk + plates that had pentaradial symmetry

A

Edrioasteroidea

65
Q

What were the oldest group of echinos that had starfish and brittle star characters

A

Asterozoans

66
Q

What was the hemichordate fossil that looked like tiny saw blades with tubes similar to pterobranchia

A

Grapolithina (extinct)

67
Q

What are some characteristics of hemichordates similar to chordates

A

Branchial opening (gill slits) that open into the pharynx

Stomochord

Dorsal nerve chord + smaller ventral nerve chords

Tripartite body

Invertebrate Biology (7 decks)

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