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Invertebrate Biology > Quiz 1 - Poriferans > Flashcards

Quiz 1 - Poriferans Flashcards

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1
Q

what are some key features of sponges

A

sessile
asymmetric
cell level organization
incomplete gastrolation - spongecoel

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2
Q

do sponges have true tissue

A

no, cellular level of organization

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3
Q

what is meant by poriferan cells are autonomous

A

if you disociated the cells, they can re-aggreagate and form a new sponge
- must be some cell communication going on

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4
Q

what is the outer layer called

A

pinacoderm

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5
Q

is the mesohyl a true tissue layer

A

no its an inner cellular region, but not true tissue

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6
Q

what are the primary layers of a sponge

A

pinacoderm and choanoderm

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7
Q

what are the defining features of the poriferans

A

aquiferous system

sessilt filter feeding

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8
Q

the aquiferous system - the small incurrent pores are called… ther excurrent pores are called… what’s the open cavity part called?

A

ostia - in
oscula - out
spongeocoel - cavity (not a true cavity though)

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9
Q

what are the four classes of sponges

A

hexatinellida
demospongiae
calcarea
homoscleromorpha

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10
Q

what is the newest class of sponges

A

homoscleromorpha

orginally with demo, but actually closer related to calcarea

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11
Q

body plans - choanocytes line the spongeocoel, no canals or chambers…

A

asconoid

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12
Q

body plans - choanocytes line the canals due to more invagination of spongeocoel

A

synconoid

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13
Q

body plans - choanocytes are in chambers, all connected together

A

leuconoid

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14
Q

what body plan are the majority of sponges?

A

leuconoid

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15
Q

where do you see the asconoid and synconoid body plan? what class?

A

calcarea sponges

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16
Q

synconoid body plans - how did they develop

A

spongeocoel invagination to make canal, choanos line these canals

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17
Q

hexatinellida, homoscleromorpha and demospongiae… what do they all have in common in terms of their body plans

A

all leuconoid

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18
Q

the skeletal system of sponges depend on what…

*the taxonomic fingerprint of the sponges

A

microscopic spicules + spongin

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19
Q

how do the microscopic spicles of sponges differ between the classes

A

calcarea - 3 prong spicules

homo + demo = glass spicules

hexa - 6 prong silica spicules

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20
Q

what is spongin

A

part of skeletal system

leftover skeletal parts without any spicules and without cells

collagen like protein

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21
Q

what class of sponges is in the deep sea, lacks spongin, doesn’t really have a canal system and lacks pinacoderm?

A

hextinellida

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22
Q

what class of sponges helped develop fibre optics

A

hexatinellida - 6 rayed silica glass spicules

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23
Q

hexatinellida lacks spongin (collagen like protein) and lacks a real canal system - what are they made of structurally?

A

syncytial sheets

very basal form - even choanocytes lack nuclei

24
Q

what class of sponges has representatives of all three canal systems?

A

calcarea

25
Q

what class of sponges can reach the largest sizes

A

demospongiae - up to 2m in size

26
Q

are all demospongiae sponges in freshwater?

A

no, not all are freshwater species but all freshwater sponges are demospongiae

27
Q

what kind of spicules to demospongiae and homoscleromorpha have?

A

silica spicules

28
Q

how to demospongiae sponges have a mutualistic relationship with crabs

A

crabs will put sponges on their bodies for added protection and predator deterrent

29
Q

what are the sponge cells that transform into other cell types (totipotent) called? they help make spicules and spongin

A

archaeocytes / amoebocytes

30
Q

the contractile cells of sponges that control the size of the oscula / pore openings are call…

A

myocytes

*modified from pinacocytes from outer layer

31
Q

what is the role of the choanocytes

A

pumping and feeding, in chambers/canals/inner lining, flagellated collar cells

32
Q

what cells contain sponge sperm

A

choanocyte

33
Q

what cell type make the ostia?

A

perocyte

34
Q

what to sclerocytes do?

A

make specular skeleton

35
Q

what has 3 pronges silica spicules that are all the same size…

A

homocleromorpha

36
Q

what is the role of spongin

A

to make scaffolding of sponge body
collagen like protein
makes up the mesohyl + skeleton
helps arrange spicules

37
Q

why are the archaeocytes located in the mesohyl of the sponge

A

aid in digestion

sponge cells to the breaking down

38
Q

what class of sponges contains carnivorous sponges

A

demospongiae

39
Q

how do carnivorous sponges gather food

A

tiny barbed hooks that cover the branching limbs of the sponges

have a feeding vacuole that envelops prey for digestion

40
Q

why do most carnivorous sponges lack choanocytes?

A

because they don’t filter feed, no need to choanos

41
Q

what allows sponges to reproduce asexually

A

totipotency allows them to bud off and make genetically identical sponges

42
Q

sexual sponge reproduction - where to the oocytes (eggs) and sperm come from? i.e. what cell types make these

A

oocytes - archaeocytes

sperm - choanocytes

43
Q

how do the larva travel

A

ciliated larva, find new location to settle and grow

44
Q

explain how sponges asexually reproduce

A

itnernal buds / gemmules

  • made by archaeocytes in mesohyl
  • coated w spongin + spicules
45
Q

the tough, spongin + spicule coated gemmules of sponges have the ability to go dormant in harsh conditions… what sponge type would the be an advantage for?

A

demospongiae / freshwater sponges because environment is prone to harsh changes

46
Q

what is the oldest sponge fossil?

A

ediacaran hexatinellida - can see the 6 rayed spicules… but some speculate its a ctenophore because they also look like comb rows

47
Q

where do the majority of microbial sponge symbionts reside

A

the mesohyl

48
Q

how are the microbial sybiont relationships different in the deep sea sponges than the pelagic sponges in shallower waters

A

deep sea - less photosynthesis more chemosynthetic relationships

49
Q

what are some of the main function of sponge symbionts

A 
chemosythesis in deep sea
photosynthesis in shallow
defense
nutrient cycling
sponge loop
50
Q

what are some examples of how microbes help sponges with nutrient cycling

A

help convert inorganic forms of nitrogen into a usuable form

51
Q

what is the sponge loop

A

transferring of dissolved organic matter to a particulate organic matter (usuably via some microbialsymbiont)

52
Q

what is a holobiont

A

mini ecosystem relationship

co-dependence on another organism

53
Q

what is the difference between horizontal and vertical transmission of microbes?

A

horizontal - filtering

verticl - transmission through gametes, via budding

54
Q

what is chemotaxis

A

chemical cues from sponge to call microbes

55
Q

viruses are abundant in the water column of the ocean.. how do sponges protect themselves from this

A

virome = viruses in sponges and bacteria phages

  • have a relationship with the bacteria, host + phage
  • phage down regulated immune response of host
56
Q

do all sponges have the same microbes? do they all come from the sea water?

A

no, geographically different

no, microbes found on sponges that are not in the sea water

Invertebrate Biology (7 decks)

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