Quiz 2 (Chapters 4 & 5) Flashcards
A shared way of thinking on a set of ideas reflecting values, beliefs, attitudes and experience of a person or group
Ideology
Ideological belief focuses on these 3 things.
- The nature of the ideal political system
- Ideal economic order
- Ideal social goals
Political ideology places special
emphasis on:
The role government should play in economic and social matters
Those to the left of the political spectrum tend to emphasize an ______________________ perspective to social welfare.
Institutional
Those to the right of the political spectrum tend to emphasize the _____________________ state.
Market
The predominant concept of social welfare until the 20th century was:
The family and the economic market place
If that didn’t work, one could look for other sources like credit, loans, or other relatives.
_____________________ emphasizes the individual’s freedom, worth, and self-determination in the political, social, and economic spheres.
Individualism
_____________________ places the rights and welfare of the group or society above those of any and all individuals.
Collectivism
_____________________ is the belief that all people should have equal political, social, and economic rights.
Egalitarianism
_____________________ is the organization of society around interrelated but unequal functional groups, usually with those in the political or economic leadership group referred to as the _______.
Elitism
Elite
Elitism is a ______________ rather than an egalitarian organizational view.
hierarchical
What is the focus of communism?
Collectivism - Social ownership and control of lands as well as the means of production (The land, labour, and capital used by a society to produce material goods).
State ownership and production is directed toward meeting human need rather than for profit, as in a capitalist state.
_____________________ has become associated with a political movement directed by the working class to establish an alternative to capitalist societies and also with a social ideal of egalitarianism.
Communism
_____________________ assumes that citizens will regard themselves as co-owners of the means of production, acknowledge their true needs and the needs of fellow citizens, and work diligently to produce what is necessary to accomplish these ends.
Communism
The core ideological principles of communism are:
A highly communal and egalitarian social and economic order.
_____________________ believe that free-market economies cannot ensure the efficient and effective allocation of economic resources to meet the needs of all citizens.
Social democrats
What are the two Public Sector types of social provision?
The welfare state
Fiscal welfare “The hidden welfare state”
What are the two Private Sector types of social provision?
Employment-based welfare
Commercial welfare
What are the two Civil Sector types of social provision?
Community welfare
Informal welfare
Describe the key components to welfare state
Income maintenence payments and cash transfers
In-kind goods and services
Regulated regulatory and protective social legislation
Describe the key components to Fiscal welfare
Tax allowances
Tax credits
Other subsidies that replace and perform the same function as cash transfers or in-kind goods and services
Describe the key components to employment-based welfare
Mandatory and voluntary social programs and benefits provided by employers (typically tax-advantaged)
Describe the key components to Commercial welfare
Various forms of typically tax-advantaged social protection and services purchased by individuals or groups in the market.
Describe the key components to Community welfare
Voluntary social assistance provided by non-governmental organizations and other non-profit organizations and community groups
Describe the key components to Informal welfare
Benefits, goods, services, and other forms of social support provided by family members or other informal groups and networks.
Name the three forms of tax benefits
1) Tax allowances or deductions subtracted from gross income, lowering taxable income levels.
2) Tax credits and preferences, subtracted from the amount of income tax that an individual or family would have to pay.
3) Tax exemptions or deferrals, which eliminate or postpone tax liability under specific conditions.
What are some examples of fiscal welfare?
Child tax credits
Tax allowances for the care of the elderly or disabled dependents
Tax relief on interest payable mortgages for homeowners or occupiers
Tax deductions for contributions to RRSPs, Education savings plans, and life insurance programs
Income transfers through vouchers for families or individuals to access approved commodities and services through the community
Reimbursement for medical and health services and pharmaceuticals
Reimbursement for private or home-schooling
Reimbursement for other social services purchased in the private sector
What are some examples of welfare state?
Income security payments
Social insurance
Universal and targeted cash transfers
A wide range of in-kind goods and social services (housing, education, and health care)
Laws and regulatory measures (employer liability legislation)
What are some examples of employment-based welfare?
Cash or in-kind benefits and services provided to workers by their employers
Pension plans
Retraining/apprenticeship programs
Tuition refunds and forms of financial aid for higher education
Support for maternity or parental leave
Comprehensive medical package
What are some examples of commercial welfare?
Medical or dental care
Pharmaceuticals
Hospitalization
Retirement homes
Personal care and nursing homes
Private institutional or family daycare
RRSPs
Income protection insurance
Private medical insurance
Critical illness insurance
_______________ programs are direct descendants of European poor laws and thus characteristically provide quite modest levels of social support.
Social assistance
What is eligibility for social assistance based on?
Means test (income test, needs test, or poverty test)
_______________ programs are built upon the idea of self-help and the pooling of collective risks.
Social insurance
What is eligibility for social insurance based on?
Individuals make contributions that entitle them, or their families, to a replacement of some portion of their earnings under particular special circumstances, such as old age, illness, disability, death, or some other involuntary contingency that reduces or eliminates their capacity to earn an income.
