Quiz 2 (ch.13)

Question 1

Crossed extensor reflex

Answer 1

-Occurs with flexor reflexes in weight-bearing limbs to maintain balance
- Consists of ipsilateral flexor reflex and a contralateral extensor reflex

Question 2

Stretch Reflexes

Answer 2

• Reciprocal inhibition also occurs
  -Example: Patellar reflex
  –-stretched muscle (quadriceps) contracts and antagonists (hamstrings) relax

Question 3

plantar reflex/Babinski’s sign

Answer 3

• stimulus: lateral aspect of the foot
  ◦Response: dorsiflexion of hallux and fanning of toes
  ◦Present in infants due to incomplete myelination
  ◦In adults, indicates corticospinal or motor cortex damage

Question 4

Golgi Tendon Reflexes

Answer 4

• Polysynaptic reflexes
• prevent damage due to excessive stretch
• for smooth onset & termination of muscle contraction
• Produce muscle relaxation in response to tension

Question 5

Flaccid paralysis

Answer 5

• damage to ventral root or ventral horn cells
• Impulses do not reach muscles; no voluntary or involuntary control of muscles; Muscles atrophy

Question 6

Spastic paralysis

Answer 6

• damage to upper motor neurons of the
  primary motor cortex
• Spinal neurons remain intact; muscles are stimulated by
  reflex activity; No voluntary control of muscles

Question 7

Reflex Arc components

Answer 7

• Receptor—site of stimulus.
• Sensory neuron—transmits afferent impulses to CNS.
• Integration center—either monosynaptic or polysynaptic region within the CNS.
• Motor neuron—conducts efferent impulses from integration center to an effector organ.
• Effector—muscle fiber or gland cell that responds to the efferent impulses by contracting or secreting.

Question 8

longest and largest cranium nerve

Answer 8

vagus nerve (X)

Question 9

reflex arc

Answer 9

the nerve pathway involved in a reflex action, including at its simplest a sensory nerve and a motor nerve with a synapse between.

Question 10

how STM is transferred to LTM

Answer 10

• Emotional state
  –- best if alert, motivated, surprised, and aroused
  ◦Rehearsal
  –repetition and practice
  ◦Association
  –tying new information with old memories
  ◦Automatic memory
  –subconscious information stored in LTM

Question 11

affected part of quadriplegia

Answer 11

transection in the cervical region

Question 12

affected part of paraplegia

Answer 12

transection between T1and L1

Question 13

spinal cord

Answer 13

Location
◦Begins at the foramen magnum
◦Ends as conus medullaris at L1vertebra

Question 14

dorsal (posterior) nerve root

Answer 14

axons enter the posterior side
◦responsible for sensory functions

Question 15

ventral (anterior) nerve root

Answer 15

axons exit
◦associated with motor functions

Question 16

gray horns

Answer 16

◦posterior horn is responsible for sensory processing.
◦anterior horn sends out motor signals to the skeletal muscles.
◦lateral horn, which is only found in the thoracic, upper lumbar, and sacral.
regions, is the central component of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

Question 17

visceral sensory area

Answer 17

◦Posterior to gustatory cortex
◦Conscious perception of visceral sensations
–e.g., upset stomach or full bladder

Question 18

olfactory cortex

Answer 18

the portion of the cerebral cortex concerned with the sense of smell

Question 19

gustatory cortex

Answer 19

region of the cerebral cortex responsible for the perception of taste and flavor

Question 20

vestibula cortex

Answer 20

◦Posterior part of the insula & adjacent parietal cortex
◦Responsible for conscious awareness of balance

Question 21

medulla oblongata

Answer 21

Regulates cardiovascular & respiratory systems & rates
◦Reticular formation related to sleep and wakefulness general brain activity and attention

Question 22

premotor cortex

Answer 22

–- Controls motor skills
–- Coordinates simultaneous or sequential actions
–planning of movements

Question 23

primary motor cortex

Answer 23

Allows conscious control of precise, skilled,
voluntary movements

Question 24

hippocampus and amygdala

Answer 24

involved in long-term memory formation and emotional responses

Question 25

Broca’s area

Answer 25

production of language, or controlling
movements responsible for speech