QUIZ 2 ---CH 6 Flashcards
Memory Distortions
retrieval of memories are incorrect and info is remembered in a diff way than occurred
Memory Distortions are caused by…
cognitive processes, memories are not stored as replicas and become modified and reconstructed during RECALL
Schemas
cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information (used to categorize stuff)
Intrusion errors
remembering info elated to the theme of a memory even if it was not actually a part of the original event
Memory errors occur when
Memories are recalled incorrectly
Fading-affect bias
emotions associated with unpleasant memories fade quicker than those with pos. memories
Hindsight bias
remembered events will seem predictable even if at the time of encoding they were a complete surprise
Illusory Correlation
inaccurately assuming a relationship between 2 events related by coincidence
Mood Congruence effect
Tendency to relieve info more easily when it has the same emotional content as our current emotional state
Mood-state dependent retrieval
context-dependent memory. Retrieval of info is more effective when the emotional state matches the one at the time of encoding
Salience effect
“Von Restroff Effect” When an item that sticks out more is more likely to be remembered than others
Self-reference effect
memories encoded with relation to the self are better recalled than similar memories encoded otherwise
Self-serving bias
when recalling an event we often perceive ourselves as being responsible for desirable outcomes, but not responsible for undesirable ones
Source Amnesia
ability to remember where, when, or how previously learned info was acquired while retaining the factual knowledge
Source confusion
not remembering the source of a memory correctly
Errors in reconstructive retrieval
Leveling (loss of detail, shorter version), Assimilation (rationalization, adjustment of terms according to our general knowledge), and Sharpening (adding details)
Selection
selective encoding of info that fits with knowledge we have since before
Interpretation
making inferences and assumptions to confirm new material to activated schemas
Integration
combination of different events into a single memory representation
Source monitoring
evaluative processes that attribute mental experiences (external: perceived, internal: thought, imagined or dreamed)
- discriminated internal from external is essential to avoid false memories
Differences in brain regions activation
Imagined words: prefrontal cortex or left hemisphere
Heard words: left inferior frontal gyrus
Verbal false memories
when a list of semantically related words are perceived
Conjunction errors
when part of a word is falsely linked to a part of another word
Confabulation
False narrative account of autobiographical events and is seen in severe pathological states of confusion. Person is not making things up but truly believe it happened.
- Brain areas: basal forebrain and frontal lobes
Eyewitness testimony can be affected by
-anxiety/stress
-reconstructive memory
-weapon focus
-leading questions
Repression
memory of traumatic event unconsciously retained in the mind, where it is said to adversely affect conscious thought, desire, and action
- sometimes compared to dissociative amnesia
Trauma-induced amnesia
disassociation of consciousness during the experience that produces selective encoding
- experience trauma as if it happened to someone else or alter details to avoid the trauma
