Quiz 2 Bones and Cartilage

Question 1

Cartilage

Answer 1

A resilient, semirigid form of connective tissue that forms parts of the skeleton where more flexibility is required.

Question 2

Articulating surfaces

Answer 2

(Bearing surfaces) of bones participating in a synovial joint are capped with articular cartilage that provides smooth, low-friction, gliding surfaces for free movement

Question 3

Bone

Answer 3

A living tissue, is a highly specialized, hard form of connective tissue that makes up most of the skeleton

Question 4

Bones of the adult skeleton provide:

Answer 4

• support for the body and its vital cavities; it is the chief supporting tissue of the body.
• protection for vital structures (e.g., the heart).
• the mechanical basis for movement (leverage).
• storage for salts (e.g., calcium).
• a continuous supply of new blood cells (produced by the marrow in the medullary cavity of many bones).

Question 5

Periosteum

Answer 5

A fibrous connective tissue covering surrounds each skeletal element like a sleeve, except where articular cartilage occurs.

Question 6

Perichondrium

Answer 6

A fibrous connective tissue covering surrounds each cartilage element like a sleeve, except where articular cartilage occurs.

Question 7

Long bones

Answer 7

Tubular (e.g., the humerus in the arm)

Question 8

Short bones

Answer 8

Cuboidal and are found only in the tarsus (ankle) and carpus (wrist)

Question 9

Flat bones

Answer 9

Serve protective functions (e.g., the flat bones of the cranium protect the brain)

Question 10

Irregular bones

Answer 10

Various shapes other than long,

short, or flat (e.g., bones of the face)

Question 11

Sesamoid bones

Answer 11

(e.g., the patella or knee cap) develop in certain tendons and are found where tendons cross the ends of long bones in the limbs; they protect the tendons from excessive wear and often change the angle of the tendons as they pass to their attachments

Question 12

Bone markings

Answer 12

Appear wherever tendons, ligaments, and fascias are attached or where arteries lie adjacent to or enter bones.

Question 13

Capitulum

Answer 13

Small, round, articular head (e.g., capitulum of the humerus)

Question 14

Condyle

Answer 14

Rounded, knuckle-like articular area, often occurring in pairs (e.g., the lateral and medial femoral condyles)

Question 15

Crest

Answer 15

Ridge of bone (e.g., the iliac crest)

Question 16

Epicondyle

Answer 16

Eminence superior or adjacent to a condyle

e.g., lateral epicondyle of the humerus

Question 17

Facet

Answer 17

Smooth flat area, usually covered with cartilage,
where a bone articulates with another bone (e.g., superior costal facet on the body of a vertebra for articulation with a rib).

Question 18

Foramen

Answer 18

Passage through a bone (e.g., obturator

foramen)

Question 19

Fossa

Answer 19

Hollow or depressed area (e.g., infraspinous fossa of

the scapula)

Question 20

Groove

Answer 20

Elongated depression or furrow (e.g., radial

groove of the humerus)

Question 21

Head (L. caput)

Answer 21

Large, round articular end (e.g., head of

the humerus)

Question 22

Line

Answer 22

Linear elevation (e.g., soleal line of the tibia)

Question 23

Malleolus

Answer 23

Rounded process (e.g., lateral malleolus of the
fibula)

Question 24

Notch

Answer 24

Indentation at the edge of a bone (e.g., greater

sciatic notch)

Question 25

Protuberance

Answer 25

Projection of bone (e.g., external occipital protuberance)

Question 26

Spine

Answer 26

Thorn-like process (e.g., the spine of the scapula)

Question 27

Spinous process

Answer 27

Projecting spine-like part (e.g., spinous

process of a vertebra)

Question 28

Trochanter

Answer 28

Large blunt elevation (e.g., greater trochanter

of the femur)

Question 29

Trochlea

Answer 29

Spool-like articular process or process that acts

as a pulley (e.g., trochlea of the humerus)

Question 30

Tubercle

Answer 30

Small raised eminence (e.g., greater tubercle of

the humerus—Fig. I.13)

Question 31

Tuberosity

Answer 31

Large rounded elevation (e.g., ischial

tuberosity)

Question 32

Joints

Answer 32

(Articulations) are unions or junctions between two or more bones or rigid parts of the skeleton

Question 33

Synovial joints

Answer 33

united by a joint (articular) capsule (composed of an outer fibrous layer lined by a serous synovial membrane) spanning and enclosing an articular cavity.

Question 34

Fibrous joints

Answer 34

United by fibrous tissue. The sutures of the cranium are examples of fibrous joints (Fig. I.16B). These bones are close together, either interlocking along a wavy line or overlapping.

Question 35

Cartilaginous joints

Answer 35

The articulating structures are united by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.

Question 36

Saddle joints

Answer 36

Permit abduction and adduction as well as flexion and extension, movements occurring around two axes at right angles to each other; thus saddle joints are biaxial joints that allow movement in two planes, sagit- tal and frontal. The performance of these movements in a circular sequence (circumduction) is also possible. The carpo- metacarpal joint at the base of the 1st digit (thumb) is a saddle joint.

Question 37

Condyloid joints

Answer 37

Permit flexion and extension as well as abduction and adduction; thus condyloid joints are also biaxial. However, movement in one plane (sagittal) is usu- ally greater (freer) than in the other. The metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckle joints) are condyloid joints.

Question 38

Ball and socket joints

Answer 38

Allow movement in multiple axes and planes: flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, medial and lateral rotation, and circumduction; thus ball and socket joints are multiaxial joints. The hip joint is a ball and socket joint in which the spherical head of the femur rotates within the socket formed by the acetabulum of the hip bone.

Question 39

Pivot joints

Answer 39

Permit rotation around a central axis; thus they are uniaxial. In these joints, a rounded process of bone rotates within a sleeve or ring. The median atlanto- axial joint is a pivot joint in which the atlas.