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Animal Management > Quiz 2 Animal Management > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Animal Management Flashcards

1
Q

What is the origin of domesticated chickens?

A

Domesticated chickens are descended from the Red Jungle Fowl, first domesticated in Asia around 2500 BC.

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2
Q

What environmental conditions did the Red Jungle Fowl originally live in?

A

They were ground-dwelling birds living in environments with dense overhead vegetation and filtered light.

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3
Q

What led to the increase in interest in domesticated poultry in the 1850s?

A

The “Hen Craze” led to an increased interest in domesticated poultry, though at the time there was minimal focus on efficiency of production.

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4
Q

How did the Great Depression of the 1930s affect poultry production?

A

Many families relied on the products and income from family chicken flocks to survive.

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5
Q

What significant change in poultry production occurred during World War II?

A

Small production units combined into large integrated commercial companies, leading to intensive broiler production.

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6
Q

What are the two main breeds of meat chickens?

A

Cobb and Ross

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7
Q

What are the two main egg laying chicken breeds?

A

Isa Brown and Hy-line Brown

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8
Q

What are the two methods of vaccinating poultry in the hatchery?

A

In-ovo vaccination and spray vaccination

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9
Q

How is in-ovo vaccination done?

A

At 18 days of incubation, eggs are vaccinated to start the immune response before the chicks hatch.

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10
Q

How is spray vaccination done?

A

Chicks in trays are sprayed with vaccines, which are absorbed through the eyes, nose, and upper trachea.

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11
Q

What is beak trimming and why is it done?

A

Beak trimming is the removal of nor more than half of the upper and no more than one third of the lower beak to reduce aggressive pecking and bird deaths.

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12
Q

What are the two ways beak trimming can be done?

A

Manually with hot trimming or automatically with infrared trimming.

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13
Q

What are the key temperatures for brooding in poultry production?

A

The temperature should be 30-33°C when chicks are first dispatched to the farm, reducing to 21°C by the time they are 21 days old.

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14
Q

What is the significance of rearing environments for poultry?

A

Chickens should be reared in an environment that mimics their destination environment to help them acclimate to it.

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15
Q

What are the key dietary components for poultry?

A

Consist of 60-70% cereals (wheat, sorghum, maize) and 20% protein (plant-based like soybean and animal-based like fish meal), along with essential amino acids, minerals, and vitamins.

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16
Q

What role do lysine and methionine play in poultry diets?

A

Lysine supports lean meat production, while methionine is important for feather production.

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17
Q

What factors contribute to the rapid growth of broiler chickens?

A

Genetic improvement from selective breeding programs, optimised nutrition with multiple diets during their growth period, and proper husbandry practices.

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18
Q

Why are male chicks from layer breeds euthanised in hatcheries?

A

Male chicks do not lay eggs and do not have the right body composition for meat production, so they are euthanised to avoid the costs of raising them.

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19
Q

What is in-ovo sexing and why is it important?

A

In-ovo sexing is a technique used to determine the sex of a chick before it hatches to avoid incubating male eggs. It allows for early identification and prevents the need for euthanising male chicks.

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20
Q

What are the advantages of using CRISPR for in-ovo sexing in poultry production?

A

CRISPR allows for the removal of male embryos, freeing up incubator space and ensuring 100% accuracy.

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21
Q

What are the disadvantages of using CRISPR for in-ovo sexing in poultry production?

A

It involves genetic modification, which can be controversial.

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22
Q

How has the efficiency of chicken meat processing improved over the last 40 years?

A

There has been a 66% reduction in plant staff due to mechanisation, improving processing efficiency.

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23
Q

How many generations of breeding are required to produce meat chickens for consumption and what are they called?

A

4
Pure line, great grandparents, grandparents and parents.

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24
Q

What is the pure line generation in meat chickens?

A

These are the genetically distinct lines that undergo selection for desirable traits like growth rate and feed efficiency.

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25
Q

What is the great grandparents generation in meat chickens?

A

Produced from pure lines and bred to improve the traits further.

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26
Q

What is the grandparents generation in meat chickens?

A

The next generation from great grandparents, bred to combine traits from both sides.

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27
Q

What is the parents generation in meat chickens?

A

These birds are bred specifically to produce the eggs for the final meat chickens that are sold for consumption.

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28
Q

What happens to chick placement and activity if the brooding temperature is too high?

A

Chicks will move away from the heat source, pant, be quite and spread their wings to dissipate heat.

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29
Q

What is the behaviour of chicks when the brooding temperature is correct?

A

Chicks will be evenly distributed throughout the brooding area, actively eating, drinking, and moving around.

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30
Q

How do chicks respond to a brooding temperature that is too low?

A

Chicks will huddle together close to the heat source, chirp loudly, and show signs of stress.

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31
Q

What are the effects of a draught on chicks during brooding?

A

A draught causes chicks to avoid certain areas of the brooding space. They will huddle away from the draught.

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32
Q

How can male and female Hy-Line chicks be identified?

A

Male Hy-Line chicks can be identified by their yellow or white colour, while female Hy-Line chicks are distinguishable by their buffy red colour.

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33
Q

What are the two main pig production systems?

A

Continuous flow and all in all out (AIAO)

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34
Q

What is the continuous flow production system?

A

Involves pigs moving as individuals without group matching.

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35
Q

What is the AIAO production system?

A

Groups pigs by age, weight, and health status, moving them through production stages together.

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36
Q

Why is the AIAO production system preferred?

A

AIAO allows for improved feed efficiency, disease control, and labour efficiency but requires more infrastructure.

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37
Q

What are the housing temperature requirements for newborn piglets?

A

32-35

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38
Q

What are the housing temperature requirements for suckers?

A

24-30

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39
Q

What are the housing temperature requirements for weaners?

A

20-30

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40
Q

What are the housing temperature requirements for pigs?

A

15-30

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41
Q

What are the common breeds of pigs used in Australia?

A

Landrace, large white, duroc, hampshire

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42
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of landrace?

A

Light pink, ears pointing down, good litter size, good farrowing frequency

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43
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of large white?

A

Whiter pink, ears pointing up, good litter size, good farrowing frequency

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44
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of duroc?

A

Brown, ears pointing down, moderate litter size, good farrowing frequency

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45
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of hampshire?

A

Dark brown/black with some white, ears pointing up, poor litter size, moderate farrowing frequency

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46
Q

What is the importance of colostrum for piglets?

A

Colostrum provides immunoglobulins, protein, energy, and vitamin D critical for piglet survival.

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47
Q

How quickly must colostrum be administered to piglets?

A

Piglets must consume colostrum within the first hour of birth to absorb antibodies effectively.

48
Q

What is a sow in pig production?

A

A sow is a breeding female pig that has already been served (mated).

49
Q

What is a gilt in pig production?

A

A gilt is a young female pig that has been transferred to the breeding herd but has not yet farrowed (given birth).

50
Q

What is a boar in pig production?

A

A boar is a male pig used for breeding in the herd.

51
Q

What is a porker in pig production?

A

A porker is a pig that is sold at 16 weeks of age, typically weighing around 70 kg.

52
Q

What is a baconer in pig production?

A

A baconer is a pig that is sold at 24 weeks of age, typically weighing around 100 kg.

53
Q

What is a backfatter in pig production?

A

A backfatter is a culled breeding pig, usually a sow, that is sold for meat after completing its reproductive life.

54
Q

What is the piglet mortality when farrowing crates are used?

A

11%

55
Q

What is the piglet mortality when farrowing crates are not used?

A

20%

56
Q

What is oestrus in pigs?

A

Oestrus is the period during the reproductive cycle of a sow or gilt when she is receptive to mating, also known as being “in heat.”

57
Q

What is the average cycle length for oestrus in pigs?

A

The average cycle length is 21 days.

58
Q

What are the five key external signs of oestrus in pigs?

A

Swollen, reddened vulva, mucous discharge, increased restlessness and vocalisation, mounting other sows or allowing herself to be mounted and increased interest in boars

59
Q

What is the ‘back pressure test’ in oestrus detection?

A

The ‘back pressure test’ is a method where pressure is applied to the sow’s back. A sow in heat will stand still and resist moving when pressure is applied.

60
Q

How often should oestrus detection be carried out?

A

Oestrus detection should be carried out twice a day to increase the likelihood of identifying sows or gilts in heat.

61
Q

At what age do pigs typically reach puberty?

A

Pigs typically reach puberty at 210 days of age.

62
Q

How long is the gestation period in pigs?

A

The gestation period in pigs is 114 days.

63
Q

What is the average litter size in pigs?

A

The average litter size in pigs is 11.5 piglets.

64
Q

How long does lactation typically last in pigs?

A

Lactation typically lasts for 25 days in pigs.

65
Q

What does the term ‘farrowing’ mean in pigs?

A

Giving birth to young and the production of a litter

66
Q

What are the early ancestors of horses like?

A

Early ancestors of horses were about the size of a dog, had short legs, short necks, and short snouts, and primarily fed on fruit and soft leaves.

67
Q

What are the main evolutionary features of horses?

A

The main features of evolution in horses include a reduction in the number of toes, an increase in the size of cheek teeth, lengthening of the face, and an overall increase in size.

68
Q

Who are the closest living relatives of horses?

A

Tapirs and rhinos.

69
Q

What species are included in the Equidae family of Perissodactyls?

A

Zebras, asses, and donkeys.

70
Q

How is horse height measured?

A

Horse height is measured in hands, with one hand equaling 10 cm.Measurement is taken to the top of the withers.

71
Q

How tall is a pony?

A

A pony is defined as a horse that is less than 14 hands 2 inches.

72
Q

What are baby horses called?

A

Foals

73
Q

What are fillies?

A

Young female horses

74
Q

What are mares?

A

Adult female horses

75
Q

What are colts?

A

Young male horses

76
Q

What are stallions?

A

Intact adult male horses

77
Q

What are geldings?

A

Castrated male horses

78
Q

What types of horses exist based on bloodlines?

A

Horses can be classified into hot blood, warmbloods, and cold bloods.

79
Q

What are the two types of studbooks for horse breeds?

A

Closed studbooks and open studbooks

80
Q

What are closed studbooks?

A

Closed studbooks require both parents to be registered, such as Thoroughbreds and Shires

81
Q

What are open studbooks?

A

Open studbooks only require one parent to be registered.

82
Q

How are horse coat colours classified?

A

Horse coat colours are typically divided into base colours, modifiers, and white spotting patterns.

83
Q

What is the most common modifier in horse coat colours?

A

Grey is the most common modifier, resulting from a genetic mutation that causes progressive greying with age until the horse becomes white.

84
Q

What is the definition of ‘dominant white’ in horse coat colours?

A

Dominant white refers to a horse with a white coat, pink skin, and dark eyes, which is not considered an albino.

85
Q

What is colic in horses?

A

Colic is abdominal pain in horses characterised by reduced bowel movement, lack of appetite, sweating, elevated heart rate and temperature, turning head toward the flank, kicking and biting the abdomen, pawing, grinding teeth, restlessness, and rolling.

86
Q

What are the vital signs of a healthy horse (temp, pulse, respiration, capillary refill)?

A

Temperature of 37.2-38.3°C, pulse of 28-44 bpm, respiration of 10-24 bpm, normal mucous membranes, capillary refill time of <2 seconds, and healthy gut sounds.

87
Q

What are some risk factors for colic in horses?

A

Risk factors for colic include changes in feed, anaesthesia, travelling, endurance competition, ingestion of sand, medications, toxic plants, and poor quality hay.

88
Q

What is idiopathic colic?

A

Colic caused from unknown reasons

89
Q

What is non-idiopathic colic?

A

Colic caused by known reasons

90
Q

What are the three base coat colours in horses?

A

Black, bay, and chestnut.

91
Q

What are modifiers in horse coat colours?

A

Modifiers are colours that act over and above the basic colours and change how the base coat colours are distributed.

92
Q

What is cream (Cr) dilution in horses?

A

Cream (Cr) dilution is a common modifier that lightens the base coat colour.

93
Q

What does a cream dilution do to a chestnut and a bay?

A

Chestnut –> palomino
Bay –> buckskin

94
Q

What is the pearl dilution in horses?

A

Pearl is a recessive dilution gene that affects the base coat colour, often resulting in a lighter or diluted appearance.

95
Q

What is the champagne dilution in horses?

A

Champagne is a dominant dilution that lightens the coat colour and affects the skin colour, leading to a lighter appearance with a golden hue.

96
Q

What does the dun dilution do to a horse’s coat?

A

Dun is a dominant dilution that produces a lighter version of the base colour and is often characterised by a dorsal stripe along the back.

97
Q

What is the sabino coloration in horses?

A

White markings on the legs and head with diffuse edges.

98
Q

What characterises the tobiano coat pattern in horses?

A

Tobiano is a dominant white spotting pattern with well-defined white patches that usually cross the horse’s top line.

99
Q

What is frame overo in horses?

A

Frame overo is a dominant spotting pattern that does not have white crossing the top line and often features extensive white markings on the face.

100
Q

What is the lethal white foal disease?

A

Lethal white foal disease occurs in homozygous frame overo horses, leading to severe defects in foals that are often born dead or die shortly after birth.

101
Q

What is the splashed white pattern in horses?

A

Splashed white appears as if the horse has been dipped in white paint; horses with white ears are often deaf.

102
Q

How is roan coloration defined in horses?

A

Roan coloration is a mix of white and coloured hair on the horse’s body, excluding the head and legs, and can be lethal in the homozygous state.

103
Q

What defines the Appaloosa horse?

A

Appaloosa horses exhibit a leopard complex with distinctive white spots around their eyes and stripes on their hooves.

104
Q

What is brindle coloration in horses?

A

Brindle is an extremely rare coloration resulting from the fusion of two embryos, resulting in a striped pattern.

105
Q

What is a bay horse?

A

A bay horse has a reddish-brown body with black points on the mane, tail, and lower legs.

106
Q

What is a chestnut horse?

A

Chestnut horse is a solid reddish colour without black points

107
Q

What are the three major levels of biodiversity?

A

Ecosystems, species and genes.

108
Q

What is species richness?

A

Species richness is the total number of species in a particular area.

109
Q

What are the limitations of using species richness as a measure?

A

It does not account for the number of individuals per species, making it less useful when time is limited or species are difficult to differentiate.

110
Q

What is alpha diversity?

A

Alpha diversity measures species richness within a specific area or ecosystem.

111
Q

What is beta diversity?

A

Beta diversity refers to the rate of change of species diversity along an environmental or geographical gradient.

112
Q

What is gamma diversity?

A

Gamma diversity measures total species diversity in a larger landscape.

113
Q

What is species evenness?

A

Species evenness is the degree to which individuals are evenly distributed across different species within a community.

114
Q

What is disparity in species diversity?

A

Disparity measures the phenotypic differences between species within a population.

115
Q

What does species rarity measure?

A

Species rarity measures how rare a particular species is within a given ecosystem or geographical area.

Animal Management (2 decks)

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