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Mammalian Physiology > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

4 methods of cell-cell communication

A

Gap junctions, contact dependent signals, chemicals that diffuse, long-distance

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2
Q

What protein is involved in gap junctions

A

Connexins

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3
Q

What proteins are involved in contact dependent signaling

A

CAMs and integrins

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4
Q

What are some properties of granulosa cells

A

They release estrogen, have both autocrine and paracrine potential

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5
Q

What is involved in long distance cell-cell communication

A

Neurotransmitters

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6
Q

What is an example of a neurohormone

A

Oxytocin

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7
Q

Lipophobic =

A

Cannot pass through PM, hydrophilic, bind to extracellular receptors

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8
Q

Lipophilic =

A

Can pass through PM, hydrophobic

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9
Q

What can 2nd messengers do?

A

Alter gating of ion channels, increase intracellular Ca, and change enzyme activity

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10
Q

Tyrosine kinase

A

Receptor enzyme, insulin receptor, signal molecule binding causes TK to phosphorylate tyrosine

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11
Q

When G proteins are active they…

A

Open ion channels and alter enzyme activity in cytoplasm, bound to GTP

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12
Q

Adenylyl Cyclase-cAMP

A

GPCR amplifier enzyme pathway, converts ATP to CAMP

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13
Q

The Phospholipase C System

A

GPCR amplifier enzyme pathway, creates IP3 and DAG (DAG to PKC)
IP3 releases Ca stores and PKC phosphorylates proteins

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14
Q

How can Ca enter the cell

A

Through voltage gated ion channels or binding of ligand to mechanically gated channel

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15
Q

Hormones of the Ant Pituitary

A

TSH, ACTH, GH, PRL, HSH, FSH/LH

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16
Q

Hormones of the Post Pituitary

A

Vasopressin and oxytocin

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17
Q

Hypothyroidism causes…

A

Physical growth and development problems, impaired brain development, enlarged thyroid

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18
Q

Hyperthyroidism causes…

A

Graves disease, autoimmune disorder

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19
Q

Hormone classification by structure

A

Hydrophilic and lipophilic

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20
Q

Hydrophilic hormones

A

Water soluble, most are peptide or protein

ex. insulin and epinephrine

21
Q

Lipophilic hormones

A

Ex. Thyroid hormones (aa derivative) and steroid (derived from cholesterol)

22
Q

Hormone classification by function

A

Tropic, sex and anabolic

23
Q

Precursors of hydrophilic hormones

A

Preprohormones

24
Q

Examples of steroid hormones

A

Cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone

25
Q

Protein hormones

A

Long folded chains

ex. insulin

26
Q

Peptide hormones

A

Short chains of amino acids

ex. oxytocin and ADH

27
Q

AA derivative hormones

A

ex. epinephrine and norepinephrine

28
Q

Example of antagonism

A

Parathyroid (increases Ca) and calcitonin (decreases Ca)

29
Q

Peptide/protein hormones are…

A

Hydrophilic/Lipophobic

30
Q

5 secretory cells of the ant pit

A

Somatotrophs, corticotrophs, thyrotrophs, lactotrophs, gonadotrophs

31
Q

How does GH affect blood glucose

A

It indirectly increases because it shifts energy use to lipid catabolism

32
Q

Tropic hormones ex

A

TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH

33
Q

How are hormones released from the ant pit

A

Neurons in hypothalamus secrete tropic hormones which enter the portal system and act on the hormone secreting cells in the ant pit

34
Q

What happens when there are low levels of estrogen?

A

No positive feedback for the release of LH and GnRH

35
Q

What are the 2 inhibiting hormones

A

Growth hormone (GHIH) and prolactin (PIH)

36
Q

Glial cells of the CNS

A

Oligodendeocytes, microglia, astrocytes, ependymal cells

37
Q

How does the BBB limit transport

A

Capillaries held together by tight junctions and astrocytes form tight sheaths

38
Q

Microglia

A

Macrophages of the brain

39
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Disorder of the oligodendrocytes, loss of myelin sheath

40
Q

Glial cells of the PNS

A

Schwann cells, form myelin sheath

41
Q

Inside the cell is…

A

Negative, lots of K

42
Q

Outside the cell is…

A

Positive, lots of Na

43
Q

How is a RMP maintained?

A

No channels for the exit of anionic proteins, and active transport of the Na/K pump

44
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Impulse regeneration jumps from node to node

45
Q

Ex of chemical synapse

A

Neuromuscular junction

46
Q

Opening of ion channels produces…

A

Post-synaptic potential (EPSP or IPSP)

47
Q

4 chemical classes of neurotransmittera

A

Acetylcholine, amines, amino acids, other small molecules

48
Q

Neuropeptides

A

Large-molecule neurotransmitters

Mammalian Physiology (2 decks)

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