Quiz 1 Flashcards
4 factors essential for cell differentiation
Cell-cell communication, growth factors, ECM, cell location in differentiating embryo
Totipotent
Most undifferentiated
Pluripotent
Becomes trophoblast with ICM, forms placenta and fetal membranes (three membranes)
Multipotent
Adult stem cells
Ectoderm gives rise to…
Skin and nervous system
Mesoderm gives rise to…
Blood, circulatory system
Endoderm gives rise to…
Lining of digestive and resp systems
4 major tissue types
Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
Epithelial tissue characteristics
One or more layers of densely arranged cells with very little ECM
Connective tissue characteristics
Few cells surrounded by lots of ECM
What is the ECM made from
Secretions of fibroblasts
Muscle tissue characteristics
Long, fiberlike cells
What happens when blood glucose rises?
Beta cells in pancreas release insulin, insulin signals to the liver to take up glucose and store as glycogen
What happens when blood glucose falls?
Alpha cells in the pancreas release glucagon, glucagon signals to the liver to break down glycogen and release glucose
3 levels of homeostatic control
Intracellular, intrinsic, extrinsic
Where is loose connective tissue found?
Skin, blood vessels, organs, under epithelia
Where is dense irregular connective tissue found?
Muscle and nerve sheaths
Where is dense regular connective tissue found?
Tendons (bone to muscle) and ligaments (bone to bone)
Skeletal muscle has…
Striations
Cardiac muscle has…
Striations, intercalated disks
Smooth muscle has…
NO striations
Two ways to get stem cells for research
From embryos or somatic cell nuclear transfer
Factors to induce pluripotency
Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc, Klf4
What cells are used to make iPS cells
Fibroblasts
Tetraploid complementation
Fuse 2 cells from early embryo to verify the source of the ESCs
What are some characteristics of integrins
Join cell-cell or cell-ECM, heterodimer made of alpha and beta subunits, involved in wound healing and embryo attachment
Tay-sachs disease
Caused by a failure to produce an enzyme need to break down lipid-gangliosides
Heterochromatin
Genes off
Euchromatin
Genes on
Microfilaments function
Muscle contraction, form microvilli
Intermediate filament function
Protective outer layer of the skin
Microtubule function
Move things around the cell, form cilia and flagella
3 types of cell junctions
Gap junctions, tight junctions, anchoring junctions
Desmosomes hold together…
Skin cells
What uses gap junctions?
The heart
What connections are in intercalated disks?
Desmosomes and gap junctions
Where are tight junctions found?
Intestinal epithelium, kidneys
What is CREM?
The transcription factor in the testes that is needed for sperm production
TATA box determines…
Enhancers and silencers
Mutations in the TATA sequence can lead to…
Gastric cancer, huntingtons, blindness
Single cell RNA sequencing is a way to…
Get a more uniform population of cells
Channel proteins are divided into…
Gated and open
Carrier proteins are divided into…
Uniport, symport, antiport
SGLT Transporter
Secondary active transport, glucose tags along with sodium to be reabsorbed
Where is exchange epithelium found?
Resp and urinary systems
Where is transporting epithelium found?
Digestive and urinary systems
What does a mutated CFTR result in?
Defective cAMP activated Cl and Na channel present on the surface of epithelial cells, NaCl stays trapped in the cell and dehydrates mucous
Structural proteins are found in…
Cell junctions and cytoskeleton
Membrane enzymes are active in…
Metabolism and signal transfer
Membrane receptors are active in…
Receptor mediated endocytosis and signal transfer
