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Invertebrate Zoology > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Triploblastic

A

3 tissue layers:

1) Ectoderm
2) Mesoderm
3) Endoderm

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2
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes

A

Flat, worm-like

Range from < 1mm to many meters

20,000 described species

Free-living: Predators and scavengers (Turbellaria)

Parasites: Important parasites of verts (including humans)

Freshwater, marine, terrestrial habitats

Organ-system level of organization

Complex life cycles in PARASITIC flatworms

Acoelomate

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3
Q

The COELOMATE body plan evolved ___________ the ACOELOMATE body plan

A

BEFORE

Evolved Before branch to protostomes

Platyhelminthes is unique example of this, only a few other lineages have acoelomate body plan

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4
Q

Turbellarians feed using __________-

A

Protrusible pharynx

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5
Q

Rhabdites

A

Rod-shaped cells in epidermis of turbellarians

Swell to form protective mucous sheath around the body when discharged with water

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6
Q

Transverse Section

A

Cross section

Could be from anywhere in body

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7
Q

Frontal/Longitudinal Section

A

Cuts body into DORSAL and VENTRAL portions

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8
Q

Saggital Section

A

Cuts body into LEFT and RIGHT portions

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9
Q

Acoelomate

A

LOSS of coelom

Interior filled with PARENCHYMA (tissue type)

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10
Q

Parenchyma is derived from which tissue layer?

A

Mesoderm

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11
Q

Why do flatworms have a flat body?

A

Small and flat to increase SA to V ratio and thus increase diffusion rate

Rely on gas exchange via diffusion

DISADVANTAGE:

  • Dessication
  • Increased sun exposure
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12
Q

Are flatworms uniform on all sides?

A

NO, they are BILATERALLY symmetric

Ventral side has a ciliated epidermis:

  • Helps animals glide over surfaces
  • Beating of cilia used in locomotion over a surface
  • Rhabdite cells secrete mucous/slime to slide over
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13
Q

Platyhelminthes: Digestive Tract

A

ONE opening: Mouth

Mouth opens at tip of pharynx in MIDDLE of body, NOT anteriorly

Pharynx: Muscular, extendable feeding organ used to suck prey tissue into digestive tract

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14
Q

Osmoregulatory system _____________ from digestive system

A

completely separate

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15
Q

Immortal Jellyfish

A

Turritopsis (Hydrozoa)

Able to go forward and backward in life cycle

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16
Q

Leopard frogs are ______________ along with freshwater snails for fluke

A

Intermediate hosts

Atrazine (pesticide) weakens immunity

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17
Q

Fasciola hepatica Life Cycle

A

Fluke cycle

1) Encapsulated miracidium (“egg”)/EMBRYO deposited in feces
2) Hatches once in freshwater into free-swimming MIRACIDIUM
3) Miracidia bore into snail host (INTERMEDIATE host) to become SPOROCYST
4) Sporocyst develops into may REDIAE
5) Rediae form CERCARIAE, which break out of snail’s body; free-swimming stage
6) Cercariae swims to vegetation near water, where it encysts to become METACERCARIAL CYST
7) Metacercarial cyst consumed by sheep (FINAL HOST), where METACERCARIA hatches out of cyst and becomes ADULT FLUKE

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18
Q

Taenia solium Life Cycle

A

Tapeworm; Class Cestoda

1) Eggs come out in human feces
2) Eggs consumed by pig (INTERMEDIATE HOST) and hatch to become ONCOSPHERE larvae
3) Oncosphere larvae migrate from digestive tract to muscles and become ENCYSTED; Pork slaughtered, human (DEFINITIVE HOST) ingests BLADDERWORM/CYSTICERCUS (encysted larvae)
4) Transform into TAPEWORM
5) GRAVID PROGLOTTIDS shed off and exit with fecal matter

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19
Q

Why do Taenia put so much effort into gonads?

A

NO digestive system, nutrients absorbed through skin via diffusion

No need to put nutrients to digestion, all nutrients go toward reproduction to increase fitness

Up to 70% body dedicated to reproduction

Eggs only have infinitesimal chance of survival; produce many = increased chance that at least one survives

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20
Q

Flame cells

A

AKA protonephridia

Function: Osmoregulation

Tuft of flagella/cilia is encased/encircled by mesh covering (microfibril “cage” to filter)

Motion of tuft resembled flame -> “flame cell”

Entry points for fluid (H2O), small ions, organic molecules

Materials needed by the worm are reabsorbed along the walls of the tubule system

Eventually “pee” out unwanted fluids via excretory pores

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21
Q

Osmoregulatory structures

A

Flame cells

  • Flagella/cilia
  • Microfibrils

Osmoregulatory tubules

  • AKA Excretory canal
  • -Plays MINOR role in excretion
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22
Q

Osmoregulatory system necessary to prevent__________

A

Worm from bursting

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23
Q

Water intoxication can occur ______ for large animals

A

QUICKLY

This is why osmoregulatory systems are INTEGRAL to FW flatworms (MARINE do NOT need extensive system due to solute concentration higher on outside and thus water lower inside worm)

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24
Q

Neoblasts

A

SUPER stem cells

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25
Q

New Zealand Flatworm: Hunting

A

Stalk prey using sense organs

Chemical sense organs to taste trail of prey (earthworms leave slime trail behind)

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26
Q

High reproductive rates in ________ host

A

FINAL

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27
Q

Hooks

A

Used to attach to host

28
Q

Do tapeworms have eyespots?

A

NO

29
Q

Molluscs are the _______ largest group of animals

A

SECOND

Arthropods are first

30
Q

Mollusc Features

A

Bilateral

Triploblastic

Eucoelomates

Unsegmented

Coelom reduced

Complete gut = Mouth AND anus (food travels unidirectionally)

Dorsal visceral mass

Mantle (glandular/secretory: secretes shell)

Mantle cavity (surrounds mantle)

Muscular foot (ventral to other organs)

Radula (NOT bivalves)

Open circulatory system with heart
–Cephalopods have 3 hearts

Specific larval stages (trocophore and veliger)

31
Q

Molluscan Classes

A

Polyplacophora

Gastropoda

Bivalvia

Cephalopoda

32
Q

Most molluscs are in the ______ group

A

Conchifera; has bivalves, gastropods, cephalopods, and more

The rest are in Aculifera (just polyplacophora and one other)

33
Q

Ancestral Mollusc

A

Dorsal visceral mass: All organs in dorsal portion of mollusc

Ventral muscular foot

Mantle/mantle cavity

Shell

Radula

34
Q

Radula

A

Scrapes food/tissue from surface

“Tongue”-like organ covered with teeth

Bivalves LOST radula (filter feeders -> they use gils to feed)

Radula and teeth on it: Size and arrangement SPECIES-SPECIFIC (useful TAXONOMIC feature for distinguishing species)
–Radula generally all that’s intact in molluscan fossils

Tongue-like structure moves in and out of mouth on cartilage

35
Q

Class Bivalvia

A

2 lateral shells/valves

Radula LOST

Suspension/filter feeders

Sedentary (except larvae)
-Larvae motile

LITTLE cephalization
-Hard to tell head from tail

Most MARINE
-Few FW

Tiny to gigantic (microscopic to half a ton)

Derived mollusc group

36
Q

Umbo

A

Oldest part of bivalve shell

Growth rings radiate from here; can determine age by counting rings (like a tree)

37
Q

Bivalves 2 shells attached at __________

A

Hinge ligament

38
Q

___________________ make valves come together

A

Adducter muscles

NOT the Hinge ligament

Contracted = valves shut for protection

Relaxed = valves open for feeding

39
Q

Incurrent siphon

A

Water ENTERS

40
Q

Excurrent siphon

A

Water EXITS

41
Q

Vulnerability of FW bivalves

A

N. American FW mussels imperiled (70%)

35 species EXTINCT, 70 endangered/threatened, 180 critically imperiled

FILTER FEEDING makes them susceptible to water pollution and changes in physical habitat

Sensitive indicators of the health of aquatic ecosystems

42
Q

Bivalve mechanism of Filter Feeding

A

Gills/Ctenidia:

  • Used to trap food particles
  • Mucus/slime covers the gills
  • Many cilia are present on the surface of the gills
  • The cilia sweep food bits and mucus (stuck together) down to the edge of the gills
  • Cilia and labial palps direct mucus/food “string” into the mouth
43
Q

Bivalves are poisonous _______________-

A

Only when they eat certain algae

NOT always poisonous

44
Q

Rotation Crystalline Style

A

Rotates within animal to draw in mucus/food cord

Takes food to stomach

Style rubs againts GASTRIC SHIELD in rotation -> adds additional digestive enzymes to the stomach

Digestive glands also aid in food digestion

“Crystalline” due to clear color

45
Q

Typhlosole

A

Fold in intestine

46
Q

Endangered Bivlaves

A

One of most endangered animals in North America
-More endangered than any vertebrate

Don’t occur in Europe

Direct part of ecosystem

47
Q

Class Gastropoda

A

Largest molluscan class

Diverse lifestyles:

  • Carnivores
  • Herbivores
  • Scavengers

Diverse habitats

Univalve

Coiled shell

Radula

Most closely related class to bivalves

Trocophore and veliger larval stages

48
Q

Freshwater Mussel Life Cycle

A

1) Females lay eggs and brood them in specialized chambers in gills
2) Males release sperm in water
3) Females draw in sperm to fertilize eggs
4) Larvae (GLOCHIDIA) hatch and begin development in female
5) Female uses portion of mantle as a lure (generally mimics a fish) to draw in fish to act as host for young
6) Fish is sucked in to female, she releases glochidia into the fish (glochidia attach to fish’s gills), lets fish go
7) Glochidia feed on food that passes through the fish’s gills = PARASITES; larvae drop off eventually to attach to substrate and grow into adult mussels

49
Q

Shell Features

A

3 different layers in ABALONE shell:

1) Nacreous Layer:
- -Innermost layer
- -“Pearly,” luminescent layer
- -Closest to the mantle

2) Prismatic Layer:
- -Middle layer

3) Periostracum:
- -Top/exterior layer

ALL of these layers are made of calcium carbonates (CaCO3) or calcium salts, or proteins

NACREOUS layer is able to produce pearls
–NO other animal is able to make item of beauty like this

50
Q

Mantle of Beauty

A

Any mollusk with a shell is able to produce pearls

Secrete nacre (mother of pearl; comes from nacreous layer) when mollusk is disturbed
--Pearl encapsulates foreign object

Pearls are a DEFENSE MECHANISM of mollusks

Pearl of value found in less than 1/10,000 pearl oysters

51
Q

Gastropod Shell

A

Coiled shell:

  • -Small apex/tip: OLDEST part of the animal
  • —Same idea as UMBO in mollusks
  • -Coils/whorls get LARGER the further down you go
  • -Body Whorl:
  • –Largest whorl
  • –Contains most of the animal
  • -Inside Columella:
  • –Supports entire length of the shell
  • –Columnar muscle wraps around the columella
  • -Shell Aperture:
  • –External opening
  • –“Achilles’ heel” of animal
  • –OPERCULUM:
  • —Thick plate that seals shell aperture to prevent desiccation
  • —Forms on POSTERIOR portion of foot of snail
52
Q

Gastropod Foot

A

Most of the visceral mass held in main body whorl

ONE foot: Able to twist, move forward, and flip self over using one foot

53
Q

Larval stages

A

Trocophore:

  • Band of cilia around “equator”
  • Digestive tract:
  • -Mouth
  • -Anus
  • Looks like a diamond
  • Very SHORT-LIVED
  • Planktonic (swims in ocean)

Veliger:

  • Shell:
  • -ALL begin with a shell (even sea slugs, nudibranchs)
  • –Some LOSE shell at adulthood
  • —Lose shell to be faster; produce toxins instead for chemical defense (no need for physical defense)
  • Foot
  • Velum
  • -Cilia on fringe edges
  • -Used for FEEDING and LOCOMOTION
  • -ONLY present in veliger stage
54
Q

Torsion/Twisted Development

A

Occurs in VELIGER larval stage

Occurs ONLY in GASTROPODS

Torsion:

  • Occurs in VELIGER stage
  • Prior to torsion:
  • -Digestive system in C-shape and linear
  • After torsion:
  • -180deg twist of digestive system to bring mantle cavity ABOVE velum; digestive system U-shaped

Body organs involved in 180 twist:

  • Ctenidia
  • Mantle cavity
  • Gut
  • More

Entirely INTERNAL, nothing external is twisted

Can occur quickly (sometimes less than an hour)

Twisted/torted body position remains throughout life

  • EXCEPTION: gastropods that lose shell (nudibranchs, sea slugs)
  • -Body untwists after shell is lost

Reason for torsion is UNCLEAR
-Theory: Provides room for head retraction

55
Q

Class Cephalopoda

A

Common names for 3 groups:

1) Ammonites
- -EXTINCT lineage
- -Were abundant in PALEOZOIC oceans

2) Coleoids
- -EXTANT
- -Very general group that includes:
- –Chambered nautilus
- –Octopods
- –Squip
- –Cuttlefish

3) Nautiloids
- -EXTANT
- -Contains those with shells

56
Q

Cephalopod Characteristics/Adaptations

A

Squid:

  • Foot split into arms and tentacles
  • NO exterior shell
  • -Shell INSIDE body
  • -Remnant of shell, blade-like inside body called PEN = GLADIUS
  • -Found in cone-like part of squid
  • Mantle:
  • -Surface tissue of cone-like portion
  • -Muscular layer
  • Jet propulsion
  • -Use jet of water to move through water
  • -Water enters mantle cavity (cone-like bit)
  • -Collar clamps down to seal up cavity
  • -Mantle layer highly MUSCULARIZED + special elastic fibers
  • -Muscles of mantle push out water through FUNNEL
  • -Movement of animal opposite direction of water
  • Hydrostatic Skeleton:
  • -Water is shot out rather than kept inside

Very developed CNS

  • CLOSED Circulatory System:
  • -Needed due to increased activity
  • -3 hearts for faster nutrient transport
  • -Branchial hearts located right by gills
  • Camouflage:
  • -Used for defense to hide or for communication
  • -Achieved via CHROMATOPHORES
57
Q

Chromatophores

A

Membranous bags with pigments in the center

Can be bumpy or stretched to show pigmented pouch (this is how they change color)

Gen. 1 color per chromatophore

Timed to make it appear that squid has multiple colors and intricate patterns

58
Q

Shell evolution in cephalopods

A

Shell INSIDE and BLADE-LIKE in squids

59
Q

Lophophore

A

In Lophotrochozoans

Specialized FEEDING and RESPIRATORY STRUCTURE composed of hollow, ciliated tentacles, attached to circular-shaped ridge/fold, that encircles mouth

Used for filter/suspension feeding

60
Q

Phylum Brachiopoda

A

“Lamp shells”

Look similar to Bivalvia; these are DIFFERENT groups

Possess stalk/pedicle to attach to substrate

UNCOMMON

Convergent evolution of SHELL and FILTER FEEDING in bivalves and brachiopoda
-Filter feeding: Lophophore in brachiopoda, ctenidia in bivalvia

Bivalves vs. Brachiopoda:

  • Different orientation (ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior)
  • -Brachiopods have DORSAL and VENTRAL valves
  • -Bivalves have LEFT and RIGHT valves
  • Brachiopoda more ANCIENT than bivalves
  • -Paleozoic Era: ~500-250mya, encompass several periods

Brachiopoda did NOT recover well from Permian extinction, but bivalves DID… Why?

  • Bivalves more versatile
  • Brachiopoda MUST had hard substrate to attach to
61
Q

Phylum Cycliophora

A

Entire PHYLUM discovered in 1990s

Only found on LOBSTERS’ lips
-Relationship ONLY with lobsters (that we know of)

Associated with hairs/setae on lobster mouthparts

Acoelomate

Filter feeders

Obligate COMMENSALS of lobsters
-Lobsters provide “microhabitats” to cycliophora

Complex life cycles:
-Multiple ASEXUAL and SEXUAL forms

At least 3 species described

62
Q

Phylum Brachiopoda Characteristics

A

Coelomate

SUPERFICIALLY resemble bivalves

Marine (attach to hard substrates); found in places with LOW wave action (NOT intertidal)

Shells range from 5-80mm

Solitary

Benthic

Suspension/filter feeders

~400 extant species (compare to ~8000+ marine bivalves)
–However, there are 12,000+ fossil species (mostly Paleozoic)

Larger fossils are 30cm in length

63
Q

Paleozoic Era

A

500-250mya

64
Q

Mesozoic Era

A

252-66mya

“Dinosaur Era”

65
Q

Cenozoic Era

A

66mya-present

Current era

Invertebrate Zoology (3 decks)

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