Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Acoelomate

A

No coelom; no separate internal body cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Tripbloblastic

A

3 tissues:

1) Mesoderm
2) Endoderm
3) Ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Tiger Flatworm

A
Species name: Pseudoceros crozerri
Phylum Platyhelmynthes
From Bermuda
5cm in length max
Feeds on orange sea squirts (Ecteinascidia turbinata)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Red Banded Coral Shrimp

A

Species name: Stenopus hispidus
From Bonaire in Caribbean
Cleaning shrimp
Hiding place found by 2 white antennae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Metazoa

A

Kingdom Animalia

Scientists have moved away from “kingdoms”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Protozoa

A

Basic, single-celled animal-like life
Refers to heterotrophic life forms
Used to refer to Phylum Protozoa; now it is realized protozoa describes several phyla, not a single phylum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Heterotrophic

A

Not able to make their own food; must capture food or energy through some method of consumption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Amoeba

A

One of the common protozoans to know

Pseudopodia protrude from central mass (round/blobby protrusions; round pseudopods)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Foraminiferans

A

One of the common protozoans to know

Able to make hard shells/cases

Shells known as tests:

  • -Outer hard cases
  • -Composed of CALCIUM CARBONATE
  • -Perforated to allow CYTOPLASM to come through

String-like pseudopods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Plasmodium

A

One of the common protozoans to know

Genus that contains the malaria-causing protozoan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Paramecium

A

One of the common protozoans to know

Phylum Ciliophora
–Named for cilia found on these organisms

Look long and oval

TWO types of nuclei:

1) Macronucleus
2) Micronucleus

Covered w/ cilia

TWO types of vacuoles:

1) Contractile Vacuole
2) Food Vacuole

Most found in FRESHWATER

Reproduction:
Asexual (binary fission) or sexual (conjugation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Contractile Vacuole

A

Attached to endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Purpose: OSMOREGULATION

  • -Get rid of excess water
  • -Maintain a balance of water inside the cell

Needed because it is found in freshwater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Food Vacuole

A

Brings in food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Binary Fission

A

Asexual reproduction

Split self into 2 organisms

Horizontally aligned

NO genetic recombination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Conjugation

A

Sexual reproduction

Vertically aligned

2 Paramecia come together

Active role of micronuclei

Only MICROnuclei go through meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Evidence of a nucleus found about ___________ years ago

A

1.8 billion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

White Cliffs of Dover

A

Composed of limestone or chalk

Accumulation of ancient foraminifera shells or tests deposited during the Cretaceous period

Compressed and uplifted over time

Many foraminifera tests cause the white color because they are composed of limestone or chalk

Very prominent landmark

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Protozoa

A

Basic, single-celled animal-like life

Many forms:

  • Amoaba
  • Paramecium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Heterotrophic

A

Unable to make own food

Must capture food/energy through some method of consumption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Metazoa

A

Kingdom Animalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Ameba

A

Pseudopodia protrude from central mass

  • Round/blobby protrusions
  • -Round pseudopods
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Foraminiferans

A

Able to make hard shells/cases (tests)

Perforations in tests allow cytoplasm to come through

String-like extensions protrude from perforations
-String-like pseudopods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Plasmodium

A

Genus that contains malaria-causing protozoans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Paramecium

A

Phylum Ciliophora
-Named for cilia found on these organisms

Look LONG and OVAL

2 nuclei:

  • Macronucleus
  • Micronucleus

Covered in cilia

2 vacuoles:

  • Contractile
  • Food

Most in freshwater

  • Solute less concentrated than Paramecium
  • –Semi-permeable membrane (no contractile vacuole = burst organism)

Move with cilia

Pellicle: Outer surgace

Trichocysts: Defense mechanism (harpoon-like structure)

Reproduction:

  • Binary Fission
  • Conjugation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Binary Fission

A

Asexual reproduction

Split self into 2 organisms

Horizontally aligned (think of insects mating): Aligned on small portion

NO genetic recombination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Conjugation

A

Sexual reproduction

Vertically aligned

Line up at oral surfaces

Active role of MICRONUCLEI

Only MICRONUCLEI go through meiosis

27
Q

Contractile Vacuole

A

Attached to endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Purpose: OSMOREGULATION
-Get rid of excess water
-Maintain a balance of water inside the cell
Needed because it is found in freshwater

28
Q

Food Vacuole

A

Brings in food

29
Q

Plasmodium

A

Pathogen causes malaria

Phylum Apicomplexa

Requires specific genus of mosquito: Anopheles mosquito

Vector and definitive host: mosquito

Intermediate host: human

30
Q

Plasmodium: Sexual Cycle

A

Occurs in mosquito

FEMALE mosquito takes in Plasmodium gametocytes when sucking blood

Swallows gametocytes

In midgut (stomach), tranform into gametes and fertilization occurs (2n/diploid)

At fertilization, nerwly formed zygote turns into ookinete (embryo), which is mobile for of Plasmodium

Ookinete moves to lining of midgut

Forms cyst-like stage (oocyst)
-Dormant stage

Sporogeny occurs (ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION)
-Single oocyst undergoes both MEIOSIS and MULTIPLE FISSION (n/haploid)

Oocyst transform to SPOROZOITE (n/haploid)
-Active

Sporozoites transfer to salivary glands to be injected to next host

31
Q

Plasmodium: Asexual Cycle

A

Sporozoites enter host via mosquito saliva; migrate through blood, seek liver

  • Liver is huge internal organ, much vascular supply
  • Good place to gain nutrients for reproduction

Sporozoites transformed to MEROZOITES after schizogony, which are released from the liver

Enter red blood cells to feed and ASEXUALLY reproduce (SCHIZOGENY) (TROPHOZOITE in active feeding form)

After reproduction, the merozoites literally burst red blood cells; infect additional red blood cells

32
Q

Treatments for malaria

A

Quinine

Chinese wormwood
-From Artemisinin

Sickle-cell Anemia:
-EVOLVED treatments

33
Q

Plasmodium is ___________

a) multicellular
b) unicellular

A

b) unicellular

Has > or = 5 cell types/stages

34
Q

Porifera

A

Sponges

Plant-like

The first ancient, multicellular animal group

Closest relative?
-UNCLEAR; possibly CHOANOFLAGELLATES

35
Q

Choanoflagellates and Sponges

A

Choanoflagellates have little “fingers” and flagella; look similar to COLLAR CELLS in sponges

Choanoflagellates can differentiate into other cell types in a lifetime (unlike collar cells in sponges)

36
Q

Classification of Sponges

A

Metazoa

  • Grade Parazoa
  • -Class Demospongiae (most common class of sponges)
37
Q

Spicules

A

Hard part of sponge skeleton

ONLY in sponges

Way to differentiate b/w classes (silica vs. calcium carbonate)

38
Q

Skeletal Support: Sponges

A

Spongnin (made of collagen): Soft skeleton

Spicules: Hard skeleton

39
Q

What makes sponges more plant-like?

A

Hollow central cavity (spongocoel/atrium)
-Sometimes canals attached

Ostia:
-Water enters here

Oscula:
-Water exits here

40
Q

Sponges are _________

a) sessile
b) planktonic
c) nekton
d) in Phylum Cnidaria

A

a) sessile

Note on d): Sponges are in PORIFERA, NOT Cnidaria (sea jellies, sea anemones, etc.); DO NOT CONFUSE

41
Q

Warning Coloration

A

Bright colors usually advertise dangerous animal (usually poisonous)

Sponges have a number of toxins (chemically active compounds)

42
Q

Sponge cell types

A

Collar cells/Choanocytes
Archeocytes/Amebocytes
Pinacocytes

43
Q

Collar cells

A

AKA Choanocytes

Line canals and cavities

Used for FILTER FEEDING

Made of:

  • Cell bod
  • “Collar”
  • –Spiky bits that stick up from cell
  • –Made of microfibrils
  • Flagellum
  • –Used to beat and move water (similar to cilia)

Embedded in mesohyl

  • NOT a tissue layer
  • Gelatinous matrix
44
Q

Archeocytes

A

AKA Amebacytes

Wander around mesohyl

STEM CELLS of a sponge
-Differentiate into ANY sponge cell type

45
Q

Pinacocytes

A

Cells cover outer surface of sponge

46
Q

Feeding/Digestion of SPONGES

A

Filter feeders:

  • Good at water flow
  • Eat organic particles (bacteria and microorganisms)
  • Actively pump water
  • –Filter 1500liter per day

Flagella beat back and forth

47
Q

Filter Feeding Process of Sponges:

A

Flagella: Action of many beating causes water flow

Collar: composed of microvilli (vertical) and microfibrils (horizontal); covered by mucus (causes stickiness); food gets stuck in collar due to sticky sieve

Food particles and mucus flow down into cell body

48
Q

Intracellular Digestion

A

Digestion occurs inside of a cell

Process in sponge:

  • -Food vacuole: Food particles are brought here for INITIAL DIGESTION
  • -Digestion COMPLETED in archeocytes
49
Q

Sponge Canal Types

A

1) Asconoid
2) Syconoid
3) Leuconoid

50
Q

Sponge Canal: Asconoid

A

MOST SIMPLE

Just central chamber (spongocoel) lined with collar cells
–Digestion occurs in spongocoel

LEAST effective (LOW surface area-to-volume ratio)

51
Q

Sponge Canal: Syconoid

A

INTERMEDIATE

Collar cells line side canals (INCURRENT and RADIAL canals)

Choanocytes located in RADIAL canals

52
Q

Sponge Canal: Leuconoid

A

MOST COMPLEX

Choanocytes line millions of FLAGELLATED CHAMBERS

MOST common type of sponge

HIGHEST efficiency; highest surface area-to-volume ratio

53
Q

Efficiency of Filtration Rate

A

Leuconoid with flagellated chambers is most efficient
–Capable of being much larger in size than other sponge canal types

As size of interior cavity INCREASES, volume INCREASES, surface area DECREASES; surface area is where choanocytes are located, so being larger NOT advantageous

  • -Asconoids: Large V, small SA = INEFFICIENT
  • -Leuconoids: Small V, large SA = EFFICIENT
54
Q

Cnidaria

A

Organized body plan:

  • Radial Symmetry
  • Tissues

Grade Eumetazoa (TISSUES present)

  • Class Hydrozoa
  • Class Scyphozoa
  • Class Anthozoa
  • Class Myxozoa
55
Q

Class Hydrozoa

A

Single, noncolonial: Hydra

Colonial: Physalia (Portuguese Man-Of-War)

56
Q

Class Scyphozoa

A

Sea jellies

-Sea turtles eat jellies and often mistake plastic bags for sea jellies (both translucent)

57
Q

Class Anthozoa

A

Sea anemones

58
Q

Class Myxozoa

A

Contains “oddballs” of cnidarians

-Parasitic cnidarians

59
Q

Cnidarian body morphs

A

Medusa type:
-Jellies

Dimorphic/Polymorphic animals (exist in different forms)

Sea jellies start as POLYPS than morph into MEDUSA

60
Q

Cnidarian Polyp Morph

A

Benthic form

  • -Not very mobile or float in water
  • -Associated with substrate; NOT completely sessile

Small

Long-lived
–Longer-lived than medusa-type jelly

Gastrovascular cavity, epidermis, gastrodermis, mesoglea, mouth, and tentacle present

61
Q

Cnidarian Medusa Morph

A

Free-floating/swimming

Larger in size

Sexually reproductive form

Gastrovascular cavity, epidermis, gastrodermis, mesoglea, mouth, and tentacle present

62
Q

Diploblastic

A

2 tissues

  • Epidermis
  • Gastrodermis
63
Q

Mesoglea

A

Pink layer b/w tissue layers

NOT tissue

Gelatinous (jelly-like) matrix that separates the epidermis from the gastrodermis

64
Q

Cnidocyte

A

Contain NEMATOCYSTS

  • Little stinging harpoon-like organelles of cnidocyte
  • Have FAST rate of firing (2-10 milliseconds)
  • –One of fastest responses in animal kingdom