QUIZ 2

Question 1

Culture

Answer 1

a system of behavior that is accepted in other people because they are accepted and familiar.

Question 2

Perceptual Context

Answer 2

the way we make connections between objects or living beings is affected by culture

Question 3

Stereotype

Answer 3

mental process during which members of one group attribute characteristics to members of another group

Question 4

Ethnocentrism

Answer 4

believing ones own culture in superior to a degree compared to other cultures

Question 5

Perceptual Filters

Answer 5

alter and change how humans interpret information philosophically, sociologically, and psychologically.

Question 6

Uncertainty Avoidance

Answer 6

degree to which the members of a particular culture feel threatened by uncertainty in unknown situations.

Question 7

Melting Pot Metaphor

Answer 7

many people in society blend together as one

Question 8

Outgoing Homogeneity Effect

Answer 8

one’s perception of out-group members as more similar to one another than are in-group members.

Question 9

Hofstede vs. Hall

Answer 9

specific cultural values impact communication and behavior

Question 10

Individualism

Answer 10

the majority of the studies they reviewed, was valuing personal independence.

Question 11

Collectivism

Answer 11

is the assumption that groups bind and mutually obligate individuals

Question 12

high vs. low context

Answer 12

high context is one in which most of the information is either in the physical context or is internalized in the person, very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message. Low context is the opposite, the mass of information is vested in the explicit code.

Question 13

High vs Low power distance

Answer 13

high power distance cultures have higher levels of inequality and are more willing to accept that without question… low power distance cultures have lower levels of inequality and are less willing to accept unequal power distribution

Question 14

Masculine vs. feminine

Answer 14

Masculine: one that stresses different expectations for men and women
Feminine: society is one where gender roles are more fluid.

Question 15

Polychronic vs. monochronic

Answer 15

mono: like to do just one thing at a time
Poly: like to do multiple things at the same time

Question 16

indulgence vs. restraint

Answer 16

I: society that allows relatively free gratification of basic and natural human drives related to enjoying life and having fun
R: society that suppresses gratification of needs and regulates it by means of strict social norms

Question 17

Short term oriented vs. l0ng term oriented

Answer 17

LTO: focused on the future
STO: focused on the present or past and consider them more important than the future

Question 18

Low vs high uncertainty avoidance

Answer 18

?

Question 19

Perception

Answer 19

when raw information is taken in through the senses

Question 20

sensation

Answer 20

the gathering of visual, auditory, olfatic, haptoic, and taste stimuli/information

Question 21

sensory receptors

Answer 21

eyes, ears, nose, mouth, and skin

Question 22

memory

Answer 22

the storage of information in the human brain over time

Question 23

interference

Answer 23

during recall, when new or old information blocks or obstructs the recall of other information

Question 24

stereotype threat

Answer 24

when a stereotyped group believes the stereotype about them may be true

Question 25

input/sensation

Answer 25

information is found through the senses

Question 26

storage

Answer 26

information is held in memory

Question 27

short-term memory

Answer 27

cognitive storage area in which small amounts of information are held for short periods of time, usually less than 20 seconds

Question 28

Long term memory

Answer 28

cognitive storage area in which large amounts of information are held relatively permanently

Question 29

Episodic Long Term Memory

Answer 29

a component of long term memory in which private individual memories are stored

Question 30

Semantic Long term memory

Answer 30

a part of long term memory in which general information such as how to read and write and the meanings of words are stored

Question 31

Decay

Answer 31

memory loss due to lack of use

Question 32

Retrieval

Answer 32

information was recalled

Question 33

Sociorelational Context

Answer 33

group membership and the roles one assumes within a culture

Question 34

Membership groups

Answer 34

groups to which people belong and in which there is regular interaction among members who percieve themselves as members

Question 35

non-membership groups

Answer 35

groups to which people do not belong

Question 36

involuntary membership groups

Answer 36

groups to which people belong and have no choice but to belong, such as sex, race, and age groups

Question 37

Voluntary Membership groups

Answer 37

membership groups which people belong by choice, such as a political party or service organization

Question 38

voluntary non-membership groups

Answer 38

membership groups to which people do not belong by choice

Question 39

involuntary non membership groups

Answer 39

groups to which people to not belong because of ineligability

Question 40

in-group

Answer 40

membership group whose norms, goals, and values shape the behavior of the members. extreme in-groups see the actions of an outgroup as threatening

Question 41

out-group

Answer 41

a group whose attributes are dissimilar from those of an in-group and that opposes the realization of in-group goals

Question 42

reference group

Answer 42

a group to which a person may or may not beling but with which the person identifies in some way in terms of values and goals

Question 43

social identity

Answer 43

the total combination of one's group roles; a part of the individual's self concept that is derived from the persons membership in groups

Question 44

social stratification

Answer 44

a culture's organization of roles into a hierarchical vertical status structure

Question 45

morphemes

Answer 45

smallest meaningful units of sound, combinations of phonemes

Question 46

phonemes

Answer 46

smallest unit of sound, as in consonants

Question 47

universal grammar

Answer 47

the idea that all languages share a common rule structure or grammar that is innate to human beings, regardless of culture

Question 48

generative grammar

Answer 48

the idea that from a finite set of rules, a speaker of any language can create or generate a infinite number of sentences, many of which have never before been uttered

Question 49

dialect

Answer 49

language variety associated with a particular region or social group

Question 50

restricted code

Answer 50

a cultural context wherein the speakers of a language are limited as to what they can say or do verbally; a status-oriented system

Question 51

elaborated code

Answer 51

a cultural context in which the speakers of a language have a variety of linguistic options open to them to explicitly communicate their intent via verbal messages

Question 52

direct style

Answer 52

manner of speaking in which one employs overt expressions of intention

Question 53

indirect style

Answer 53

manner of speaking in which the intentions of the speakers are hidden or only hinted at during interaction

Question 54

exacting style

Answer 54

manner of speaking in which persons say no more or less than is needed to communicate a point

Question 55

succinct style

Answer 55

manner of concise speaking often accompanied by silence

Question 56

elaborate style

Answer 56

mode of speaking that emphasizes rich, expressive language

Question 57

personal style

Answer 57

manner of speaking that relies on the use of personal pronouns and stresses informality and symmetrical power relationships

Question 58

affective style

Answer 58

communication manner in which the process of interaction is emphasized, placing the burden of understanding on both the speaker and the listener; relies heavily on nonverbal cues

Question 59

instrumental style

Answer 59

sender-focused manner of speaking that is goal and outcome oriented. Instrumental speakers use communication to achieve some goal or purpose

Question 60

Sapir and Whorf's hypothesis

Answer 60

there are certain thoughts of an individual in one language that cannot be understood by those who live in another language. The way people think is strongly affected by their native language

Question 61

Chomsky's Hypothesis

Answer 61

innateness hypothesis presented that children are born with knowledge of fundamental principles of grammar