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COM-263 > QUIZ 2 > Flashcards

QUIZ 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Culture

A

a system of behavior that is accepted in other people because they are accepted and familiar.

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2
Q

Perceptual Context

A

the way we make connections between objects or living beings is affected by culture

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3
Q

Stereotype

A

mental process during which members of one group attribute characteristics to members of another group

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4
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

believing ones own culture in superior to a degree compared to other cultures

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5
Q

Perceptual Filters

A

alter and change how humans interpret information philosophically, sociologically, and psychologically.

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6
Q

Uncertainty Avoidance

A

degree to which the members of a particular culture feel threatened by uncertainty in unknown situations.

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7
Q

Melting Pot Metaphor

A

many people in society blend together as one

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8
Q

Outgoing Homogeneity Effect

A

one’s perception of out-group members as more similar to one another than are in-group members.

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9
Q

Hofstede vs. Hall

A

specific cultural values impact communication and behavior

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10
Q

Individualism

A

the majority of the studies they reviewed, was valuing personal independence.

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11
Q

Collectivism

A

is the assumption that groups bind and mutually obligate individuals

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12
Q

high vs. low context

A

high context is one in which most of the information is either in the physical context or is internalized in the person, very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message. Low context is the opposite, the mass of information is vested in the explicit code.

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13
Q

High vs Low power distance

A

high power distance cultures have higher levels of inequality and are more willing to accept that without question… low power distance cultures have lower levels of inequality and are less willing to accept unequal power distribution

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14
Q

Masculine vs. feminine

A

Masculine: one that stresses different expectations for men and women
Feminine: society is one where gender roles are more fluid.

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15
Q

Polychronic vs. monochronic

A

mono: like to do just one thing at a time
Poly: like to do multiple things at the same time

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16
Q

indulgence vs. restraint

A

I: society that allows relatively free gratification of basic and natural human drives related to enjoying life and having fun
R: society that suppresses gratification of needs and regulates it by means of strict social norms

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17
Q

Short term oriented vs. l0ng term oriented

A

LTO: focused on the future
STO: focused on the present or past and consider them more important than the future

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18
Q

Low vs high uncertainty avoidance

A

?

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19
Q

Perception

A

when raw information is taken in through the senses

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20
Q

sensation

A

the gathering of visual, auditory, olfatic, haptoic, and taste stimuli/information

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21
Q

sensory receptors

A

eyes, ears, nose, mouth, and skin

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22
Q

memory

A

the storage of information in the human brain over time

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23
Q

interference

A

during recall, when new or old information blocks or obstructs the recall of other information

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24
Q

stereotype threat

A

when a stereotyped group believes the stereotype about them may be true

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25
Q

input/sensation

A

information is found through the senses

26
Q

storage

A

information is held in memory

27
Q

short-term memory

A

cognitive storage area in which small amounts of information are held for short periods of time, usually less than 20 seconds

28
Q

Long term memory

A

cognitive storage area in which large amounts of information are held relatively permanently

29
Q

Episodic Long Term Memory

A

a component of long term memory in which private individual memories are stored

30
Q

Semantic Long term memory

A

a part of long term memory in which general information such as how to read and write and the meanings of words are stored

31
Q

Decay

A

memory loss due to lack of use

32
Q

Retrieval

A

information was recalled

33
Q

Sociorelational Context

A

group membership and the roles one assumes within a culture

34
Q

Membership groups

A

groups to which people belong and in which there is regular interaction among members who percieve themselves as members

35
Q

non-membership groups

A

groups to which people do not belong

36
Q

involuntary membership groups

A

groups to which people belong and have no choice but to belong, such as sex, race, and age groups

37
Q

Voluntary Membership groups

A

membership groups which people belong by choice, such as a political party or service organization

38
Q

voluntary non-membership groups

A

membership groups to which people do not belong by choice

39
Q

involuntary non membership groups

A

groups to which people to not belong because of ineligability

40
Q

in-group

A

membership group whose norms, goals, and values shape the behavior of the members. extreme in-groups see the actions of an outgroup as threatening

41
Q

out-group

A

a group whose attributes are dissimilar from those of an in-group and that opposes the realization of in-group goals

42
Q

reference group

A

a group to which a person may or may not beling but with which the person identifies in some way in terms of values and goals

43
Q

social identity

A

the total combination of one’s group roles; a part of the individual’s self concept that is derived from the persons membership in groups

44
Q

social stratification

A

a culture’s organization of roles into a hierarchical vertical status structure

45
Q

morphemes

A

smallest meaningful units of sound, combinations of phonemes

46
Q

phonemes

A

smallest unit of sound, as in consonants

47
Q

universal grammar

A

the idea that all languages share a common rule structure or grammar that is innate to human beings, regardless of culture

48
Q

generative grammar

A

the idea that from a finite set of rules, a speaker of any language can create or generate a infinite number of sentences, many of which have never before been uttered

49
Q

dialect

A

language variety associated with a particular region or social group

50
Q

restricted code

A

a cultural context wherein the speakers of a language are limited as to what they can say or do verbally; a status-oriented system

51
Q

elaborated code

A

a cultural context in which the speakers of a language have a variety of linguistic options open to them to explicitly communicate their intent via verbal messages

52
Q

direct style

A

manner of speaking in which one employs overt expressions of intention

53
Q

indirect style

A

manner of speaking in which the intentions of the speakers are hidden or only hinted at during interaction

54
Q

exacting style

A

manner of speaking in which persons say no more or less than is needed to communicate a point

55
Q

succinct style

A

manner of concise speaking often accompanied by silence

56
Q

elaborate style

A

mode of speaking that emphasizes rich, expressive language

57
Q

personal style

A

manner of speaking that relies on the use of personal pronouns and stresses informality and symmetrical power relationships

58
Q

affective style

A

communication manner in which the process of interaction is emphasized, placing the burden of understanding on both the speaker and the listener; relies heavily on nonverbal cues

59
Q

instrumental style

A

sender-focused manner of speaking that is goal and outcome oriented. Instrumental speakers use communication to achieve some goal or purpose

60
Q

Sapir and Whorf’s hypothesis

A

there are certain thoughts of an individual in one language that cannot be understood by those who live in another language. The way people think is strongly affected by their native language

61
Q

Chomsky’s Hypothesis

A

innateness hypothesis presented that children are born with knowledge of fundamental principles of grammar

COM-263 (2 decks)

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