Quiz 2 Flashcards

Question

**Calcium**

Answer 1

**2.20 - 2.55 mmol/L**

Answer 2

* Emphasis on fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, low-fat milk products, poultry, fish, and nuts * This plan provides more fiber, potassium, magnesium, and calcium DASH eating plan * Emphasizes vegetables, fruit, and whole grains; includes low-fat milk products; and limits sugars and red meats. * works well with sodium restriction (1500 mg/day)

Answer 3

* Adequate calcium intake during growing years * Adequate protein protects bones and reduces the likelihood of hip fractures * **Vit D** needed to maintain calcium metabolism * **Vit K** decreases bone turnover, protect against hip fractures * **Vit C** slows bone losses * **Magnesium and Potassium** maintain bone mineral density * Vit A needed in the bone remodeling process, **but** too much may be associated to osteoporosis * DIet rich in fruits, vege, and whole grains are beneficial. * DIets contianing too much salt are associated with bone losses.

Answer 4

* Balance of two-thirds of body fluids inside the cell and one-third outside is vital to cell life * In an electrolyte solution, water molecules are attracted to both anions and ca+ions * Electrolytes attract water * K, Mg, P, S Primarily inside cell * Na, Cl, Ca primarily outside cell (Both can be found inside and outside of cell, but each can be found mostly on one side of the other.) * Water follows electrolytes * Crosses membrane towards more concentrated **solutes** (Osmosis) * Cell membrane selectively permeable

Answer 5

* Hormone released from adrenal glands * Signals kidneys to excrete potassium and to retain more sodium * *Water follows salt* * lncreases BP

Answer 6

* A hormone produced by the pituitary gland * In response to dehydration (or sodium concentration in blood) * Stimulates kidneys to reabsorb more water and therefore to excrete less * Elevates BP (Vasopressin)

Answer 7

* Very young * Very old * Certain diseases...diabetes * Prolonged diarrhea, vomiting * Fever * Alcohol * Caffeine * High protein diets * Medications * Surgery * Blood loss * Burns * Exercise

Answer 8

**Normal** * 2400 mL **Fever** * 3400 mL **Exercise** * 6700 mL

Answer 9

**Needs will vary** * Diet * Physical activity * Environmental temperature * Humidity * Forced-air environments * 3 Hour airplane flight = loss of 1.5 L * High altitude * 5000 ft and above * ^ breathing rate and depth * Lower humidity air * increases water loss

Answer 10

**Causes Symptoms** * Vomiting Dry & warm skin * diarrhea Poor skin turgor * diuresis Dark & odorous urine * decreased intake Low BP * decreased IV replacement Weight loss **Care** * Hydrate * daily weights * skin care

Answer 11

Upper sodium limits (adults) 2300 mg Salt sensitive no more than 1,500 mg Avg intake in US 3400 mg Salt (sodium chloride) is 40% sodium * 1 tsp sale contributes about 2300 mg sodium

Answer 12

1 tbsp Soy Sauce = 1029 mg sodium 1 Container instant lunch = 1330 mg sodium * Reduces blood flow through arteries * Elevation of BP in response to high salt diet over the years is progressive and damage caused to blood vessels is irreversible

Answer 13

Fresh foods are richest sources * AI 4700 mg/day Potatoes, avocados, bananas, cantaloupes, carrots, spinach, strawberries, tomatoes, fish, mushrooms, oranges, pork, beef, and veal. Deficiency: Increase BP; Salt sensitivity; Kidney stones; Bone turnover; Irregular heartbeats; Muscle weakness; Glucose intolerance

Answer 14

Most abundant mineral in the body Milk products, Bok choy, Kale, Brocolli, Sardines w/ bones, Almonds, Fortified juices and foods

Answer 15

Low blood calcium signals the parathyroid glands to secrete a parathyroid hormone into the blood ⇒ stimulates calcium reabsorption from the kidneys into the blood ⇒ enhances calcium absorption in the intestines ⇒ Stimulates osteoclast cells to break down bone (pulls from bone)

Answer 16

Also known as Stage 5 CKD Nutritional therapy is to maintain appropriate fluid status, BP, and Blood chemistries * High protein * Low phosphorus, Low potassium, Low sodium (2 to 4 g/day) fluid-restricted diet Protein intake increases once on dialysis * Fifty percent of protein intake should come from biologic sources ( egg, milk, meat, fish, poultry, soy) * Restrict phos ( high protein leads to increase phos intake; included in protein products) * Add calcium supplements.

Answer 17

**Pernicious Anemia** (Most common form of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency) * Natural sources of Vit B₁₂ * Fish, meat, poultry, eggs, milk *(vegans need supplemental B₁₂)* **Iron-deficiency Anemia** (Most common nutritional disorder in the world) * Sources of Iron * Meat, fish, poultry, tofu, dried peas and beans, whole grains, dried fruit, iron-fortified food * Vita C facilitates absorption of iron *(promote consumption!)*

Quiz 2 Flashcards

Chapter 12, 17, 22