Quiz 2

Question 1

What do fats have high concentration of?

Answer 1

Saturated fatty acids

Melt above 20

Question 2

What do oils have a high concentration of?

Answer 2

Unsaturated fatty acids

Below 20

Question 3

What are the 8 major classes of lipids?

Answer 3

1. Fatty acyls: double bond carbon chain
2. Glycerolipids: glycerol attached
3. Glycerophospholipids: extra phosphate and amino group
4. Sphingolipids
5. Sterol lipids
6. Prenol lipids
7. Saccharolipids
8. Polyketides

Question 4

What are the general parts of a phospholipid?

Answer 4

Glycerol backbone
Lipid chains (R1 and R2 positions)
Phosphate group

Question 5

What are the 5 types of phospholipids?

Answer 5

1. Phosphatidic acid: simplest form
2. Phisphatidyl serine: serine esterified to phosphate, cephalin in brain
3. Phosphatidyl ethanolamine: major bacterial phospholipid, decarboxylation of serine in PS, cephalin in brain
4. Phosphatidyl choline: addition of 3 methyl groups to the amino acid of PE, major animal phospholipid, licithin
5. Phosphatidyl glycerol: in mitochondria, derived from cleavage of the phosphate

Question 6

What are phospholipases?

Answer 6

Enzymes that hydrolyse the ester bonds of glycerophospholipids
Components of the venoms of my poisonous snakes and bees
Phospholipases A1 and A2 remove fatty acids from R1 and R2
Phospholipases C and D attack polar head group of a glycerophospholipid
Polar head fits into the active site of the ensure while the hydrophobic fatty acid tail outside of the enzyme

Question 7

What do the products of phospholipase reactions produce?

Answer 7

Produce products that act as intracellular and extra cellular signaling molecules

Question 8

What does phospholipase A2 (PLA2) do in the brain?

Answer 8

Regulates whether srachidonic acid is converted to proinflammatory mediators

Question 9

What occurs when PLA2 is not regulated?

Answer 9

A disproportionate amount of proinflammatory mediators is produced from arachidonic acid, resulting in oxidative stress
Produces similar effects to those seen in neurological disease such as Alzheimer’s, epilepsy, MS, and ischemia

Question 10

What do abnormal levels of platelet activating factors result in?

Answer 10

Result in neurological disorders

Lysophosoholipids can be released from the membrane and act as precursor of PAFs.

Question 11

Describe spectrometry

Answer 11

Light travels through cuvettes at 180 degrees allowing absorbance or % transmission to be read

Question 12

Describe fluorimetry

Answer 12

Excitation light travels through sample

Emitted light is read at 90 degrees from excitation light

Question 13

What are the different types of micro plate readers?

Answer 13

Absorbance
Fluorescence
Luminescence
Time-resolved fluorescence 
Fluorescence polarization