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Bio 119 > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Sclera

A

Has blood vessels
White of the eye
Posterior portion of fibrous tunic

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2
Q

Cornea

A

Anterior portion of fibrous tunic
Transparent because the collagen fibers are regularly arranged and do not reflect light
Lacks blood vessels so it receives nutrients from aqueous humor
Exchanges gas with atmosphere
Aids in bending of light and contributes to a clear image.
If cornea isn’t shaped properly (astigmatism) and if it’s not transparent then there can be a blurry vision because the image won’t reach the focal point of the retina

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3
Q

Vascular tunic

A

Highly vascularized (lots of blood vessels)
Middle layer of eye
Composed of the choroid, ciliary body, and the iris

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4
Q

Choroid

A

Thin dark membrane rich in blood vessels
Melanin (the dark brown pigment) absorbs light so it doesn’t reflect within the eyeball (clearer image)
Cow eyes and nocturnal mammals have a tapetum lucidum (metallic layer that absorbs light) so their image is distorted but they can see better in the dark

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5
Q

Ciliary body

A

Composed of ciliary processes and ciliary muscle

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6
Q

Ciliary processes

A

Secrete aqueous humor

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7
Q

Aqueous humor

A

Supplies nutrients to the lens and the cornea of the eye and goes back into the small canals in the cardiovascular system (blood vessels)

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8
Q

Ciliary muscle

A

Made of smooth muscle cells in a ring or sphincter around the lens
Controlled by the autonomic system
Connected to suspensory ligaments directly attached to the lens
Controls the shape of the lens

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9
Q

Contraction and relaxation of ciliary muscle

A

Contraction; moves closer to the lens and releases the tension of the suspensory ligaments causing the lens to shrink to its thickest shape.

Contraction of ciliary muscle = relaxation of ligaments and contraction of lens

Relaxation; moves away from the lens and cause the ligaments to tighten and the lens relaxes and is stretched into a think flat shape.

Relaxation of ciliary muscle = contraction of ligaments and relaxation of lens

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10
Q

Lens

A

Lacks blood vessels
Made of epithelial cells
Light passes through it because cells are highly organized
Shape can be altered because it has highly elastic proteins
Thin flat lens bends light less than thick lens
Sharp image depends on elasticity of lens
Close objects = more spherical shape (convex)

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11
Q

What happens to the lens when we get older

A

The lens isn’t as spherical so it’s harder to see closer objects
Bends light less because it’s flat and thin
Due to protein denaturation within the cells

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12
Q

Iris

A

Thinner than ciliary body
Overlaps front of lens
Composed of circular and radial smooth muscle fibers

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13
Q

Pupil

A

Opening in the center of the iris
Light passes through this opening to reach the lens and interior part of eye
Diameter of pupil can be regulated by the autonomic nervous system

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14
Q

Vitreous humor

A

Clear jelly like substance behind the lens

Helps maintain pressure, shape of the eyeball, and held focus light on the retina

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15
Q

Nervous tunic/retina

A

Contains photoreceptors, sensory neurons, and blood vessels
Cones absent at the edge of the retina
Rods absent at the center of the retina

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16
Q

Cones

A

Photoreceptors for color vision

Red, blue, and green

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17
Q

Rods

A

Photoreceptors for black and white (contrast) or night vision (work well when cones aren’t being stimulated in low light conditions)

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18
Q

Macula lutea

A

Yellow spot in the center of the retina
Contains only comes
Contains the fovea centralis

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19
Q

Fovea centralis

A

Exact center of retina
High density of cones
Highest visual acuity (sharpness)
Density of rods decrease as you move away from the fovea centralis

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20
Q

Optic disc/blind spot

A

Where the optic nerve exits the eye
Has no rods or cones so there is no perception of light
The sensory neurons around the optic nerve are wrapped with connective tissue for protection and support

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21
Q

Blood

A

Contains plasma proteins and cells in a fluid matrix
Transports nutrients, gases, and wastes
Involved in negative feedback; blood clotting to prevent blood loss and protect against pathogens

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22
Q

Plasma

A

55% of blood
90% made of water
Has proteins and solutes (Na, O2, CO2, glucose, wastes, vitamins)

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23
Q

Platelets (thrombocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes).

A

45% of blood

24
Q

Platelet plugs

A

Triggers blood clotting

Turns soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin.

25
Q

Red blood cells

A

Contains hemoglobin which binds with oxygen

26
Q

How to measure oxygen in blood

A

Measure percentage of RBC’s or measure the hemoglobin in blood

27
Q

White blood cells

A 
Monocyte/macrophage
Lymphocyte 
Eosinophil
Neutrophil
Basophils
28
Q

Basophils

A

Promote inflammation responses by releasing chemicals to attract other WBC’s

29
Q

Eosinophils

A

Weak phagocytes

Anti Inflammatory effect

30
Q

Specific immunity

A

Regulated by the B and T lymphocytes

Recognition of specific antigens

31
Q

T lymphocytes

A

Differentiate into a variety of cell types (helper and cytotoxic)

32
Q

B lymphocytes

A

Blood typing

Attack antigens by producing antibodies

33
Q

Antigens

A

Foreign substances that trigger specific immune responses
May be large protein molecules
Or
Chemicals released by bacteria
Or
Substances on the surfaces of bacteria, viruses
Invade extra cellular fluid and our bodies identify them as foreign materials

34
Q

Antibodies

A

Proteins that bind to antigen surfaces and air other WBC’s to destroy antigens and their cells.

35
Q

Blood typing antigens

A

Made of glycoproteins and glycolipids

On surface of erythrocytes

36
Q

Rh or D antigen

A

Presence or absence of d antigen

37
Q

B blood type has what type of antibodies and antigens

A

A antibodies and b antigens

38
Q

What happens when cells are agglutinate S

A

The agglutinated cells become trapped in capillaries and rupture and release breakdown products. These byproducts may clog kidneys and other vital organs. The organs may fail and death will result.

39
Q

What type of antigens and antibodies does AB and O have

A

AB; A and B antigens, no antibodies

O; no antigens, A and B antibodies

40
Q

Can an Rh positive give to an Rh negative?

A

No

41
Q

Insulin

A

Hormone secreted by cells in pancreas
Stimulated facilitated diffusion of glucose into cells, takes it out of the blood
As blood glucose goes up, so does insulin

42
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Fails to produce insulin

43
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Cells become insulin resistant

Body still produces insulin

44
Q

Consequences of diabetes

A

Increased fat metabolism
Production of excessive ketones (acidic molecules)
High levels of fat in blood
Accelerates aging affect in blood vessels, blood vessels stiffen
Resulting in high rates of heart disease, kidney failure, blindness, and limb amputation due to poor circulation

45
Q

Hypoglycemic

A

Under 60

46
Q

Normal after 2 hours

A

70-110

47
Q

Normal between 1-2 hours

A

111-125

48
Q

Diabetic after 2 hours

A

126

49
Q

Diabetic after 1-2 hours

A

220-280

50
Q

Why does the blood glucose level go down even without insulin

A

Glucose gets excreted

51
Q

Why do males have more RBC’s

A

Testosterone stimulates RBC production
They also need more oxygen because their higher muscle mass and metabolic rate
Estrogen weakly suppresses RBC production

52
Q

Anemia

A

Oxygen carrying capacity of blood is reduced
Low number of RBC’s
Iron, vit b12, and folic acid deficiencies
Red meat, egg yolk, spinach, and carrots have lots of iron

53
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Hormone produced from kidneys when blood is lacking oxygen
Produces more RBC
Plasma volume is also increased (so higher blood volume not RBCs per blood volume)

54
Q

Erythrocytosis

A

Blood contains too many RBC’s
Cause by being in high altitudes, air higher up has less oxygen
Blood is more likely to clot (heart attacks in healthy athletes injecting EPO)
Smoking can cause this because it’s blood is lacking oxygen so the body produces more RBC to compensate

55
Q

Fibrous tunic

A

Outermost layer of eye
Made of collagen proteins that form connective tissue
Gives the eye a very fixed rigid shape

Bio 119 (2 decks)

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