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Bio 119 > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Bases

A

Decreases concentration of h in solutions

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2
Q

pH =

A

-log(concentration of h)

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3
Q

A pH of 3 is ____ times more acidic than a pH of 4

A

10

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4
Q

A pH of 12 is ____ times more alkaline than a pH of 10

A

100

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5
Q

Normal plasma pH

A

7.35-7.45

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6
Q

What can cause acidosis?

A

Diarrhea or chronic use of laxatives cahses the loss of alkaline fluids from the intestines so the blood pH is more acidic.

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7
Q

What can acidosis lead to?

A

Weakness, fatigue, coma, and death

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8
Q

What causes a loss of extremely acidic stomach fluids (alkalosis)

A

Vomiting and bulimia

pH goes up

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9
Q

What can alkalosis lead to?

A

Excessive muscle tension, fast heart rate, convulsions, death

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10
Q

Examples of extra cellular fluids

A 
Plasma (fluid of the blood)
Interstitial fluid (fills the small spaces surrounding most cells)
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11
Q

What substances can’t freely move throughout a cell membrane?

A

Polar (charged) cells

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12
Q

Does water or polar molecules move faster?

A

Water

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13
Q

Active transport

A

Uses atp to bring cells in against the concentration gradient

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14
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Internal environment of a cell

Has intracellular fluid

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15
Q

Cell membrane

A

Made of phospholipids and is selectively permeable

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16
Q

pH of baking soda with vinegar

A

6; acidic

Carbon dioxide is released

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17
Q

Examples of basics

A

Bleach, baking soda, milk of magnesia,

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18
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Occurs when substance x moves away from an area or source of higher concentration towards an area of lower concentration of substance X. The move away because they encounter fewer obstructing molecules

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19
Q

What affects the rate of diffusion?

A

Temperature, high = more diffusion…more cells are interacting
Molecular weight, the heavier the more diffusion
Distance to travel
Solvent density
The more concentrated, the faster the diffusion
The more soluble, the faster the diffusion

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20
Q

Why does a heavier molecule diffuse more and faster?

A

Because it’s at a higher concentration so it needs to diffuse more to get to a lower concentration. Has more bits that need to be diffused.

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21
Q

Why can water easily move throughout the cell membrane?

A

Because it is a very small molecule

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22
Q

What is osmosis

A

When water moves by diffusion (from a low solute concentration to a high solute concentration) through a semi-permeable membrane.

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23
Q

Why is osmosis passive transport?

A

Because there is no cellular energy (atp) needed.

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24
Q

What does isotonic mean?

A

The cell has no net gain or loss of water
Equilibrium
Same concentration of water and solutes

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25
Q

What happens when a cell is placed in a solution with a higher concentration of solutes?

A

The cell becomes wrinkled because it loses water to the solution (Dehydrated cell/hypertonic solution). Cells may die

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26
Q

What happens when a cell is placed in a solution with a lower concentration of solutes?

A

Excessive water flows into the cell making it swell (Overhydrated cell/hypotonic solution). They can rupture in a process called lysis.

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27
Q

1 mol =

A

6.022 X 10^23 molecules per 1 liter

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28
Q

Osmolarity =

A

N times moles

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29
Q

N =

A

Number of dissociated particles that are present when a substance is placed in water.

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30
Q

What should the osmolarity be for the plant and animal cell to be isotonic with the cell?

A

0.30

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31
Q

Grams =

A

Molecular weight / moles

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32
Q

Moles =

A

Grams * molecular weight

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33
Q

Isotonic NaCl solution

A

0.88%

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34
Q

Describe the chemical reaction between vinegar and baking soda

A

Fast chemical explosion; co2 released. Slightly acidic.

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35
Q

How can you fix acidosis

A

Drinking milk, it neutralizes pH

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36
Q

How can you fix acidosis

A

By drinking apple juice, it’s acidic

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37
Q

Example of involuntary reflexes

A

Heartbeat, respiratory movements, digestive activity, postural adjustments.

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38
Q

What is a receptor

A

A specialized cell designed to generate a neural signal when stimulated by a particular type of sensory signal (stimulus)

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39
Q

Reflex arc

A 
Stimulus (hitting the soft spot of the knee)
Receptor
Sensory neuron
Inter neuron
Motor neuron
Effector organ
Response (jerk)
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40
Q

Effector organ

A

A muscle or gland that responds to the motor neuron

Quad
Hamstring

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41
Q

Somatic reflexes

A

Involve the outer body to excite skeletal cells

Use somatic motor neurons

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42
Q

Visceral reflexes

A

Involves visceral organs and use autonomic motor neurons to control cardiac or smooth muscle.

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43
Q

Benefit of reflex testing

A

Can provide information about damage to the spinal cord or spinal nerves

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44
Q

Stretch receptors

A

Arranged parallel with almost every skeletal muscle

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45
Q

Why is the stretch reflex critical?

A

Important for posture and preventing damage from hyperextension of limbs.

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46
Q

Example of an antagonist muscle

A

Hamstring (flexors)

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47
Q

Example of a agonist

A

Quadriceps (extensors)

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48
Q

What does it mean when one side of the body doesn’t react the same to a reflex

A

Localized damage in the nervous system

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49
Q

Patellar reflex

A

L2 L3 L4

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50
Q

Achilles reflex

A

S1 S2

51
Q

Do endurance athletes have faster or slower reflexes?

A

Slower

52
Q

Do sprint athletes have a faster or slower reflex?

A

Faster

53
Q

What is reinforcement of a reflex?

A

When other muscular activity is occurring simultaneously, the reflex response is faster

54
Q

What increases and decreases muscle tone?

A

Mental activity increases and fatigue decreases

55
Q

Hyporeflexia

A

Diminished reflex response

56
Q

Causes of hyporeflexia

A

Chronic diabetes
Malnutrition
Alcoholism
Injury

57
Q

What is hyporeflexia of the Achilles’ tendon associated with?

A

Hypothyroidism

58
Q

Hyperreflexia

A

Exaggerated reflexes

Cause by a loss of inhibition by the motor cortex (excessive muscle tone) or damage to the CNS motor tracts

59
Q

Fascia

A

Connective tissue that covers the outer portion of a muscle

60
Q

Afferent nerves

A

Send signals from the body to the CNS

61
Q

Efferent nerves

A

Sends commands from the CNS to the body

62
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Fight or flight

63
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Rest and digest

64
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles

65
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Controls the involuntary movement of smooth and cardiac muscles

66
Q

What is the composition of connective tissue?

A

Collagen fibers

67
Q

Characteristics of collagen fibers

A

Strong
Make the tendons
Stretch a little

68
Q

Skeletal muscle is multinucleated

A

True

69
Q

Characteristics of skeletal muscle

A

Multinucleated
Sarcolemma
Have lots of mitochondria to produce atp aerobically
Striated (light and dark bands)

70
Q

What are the myofilaments

A

Thick - myosin protein ATP

Thin - actin protein CALCIUM

71
Q

How are myofilaments arranged?

A

In sarcomeres (long repeated units)

72
Q

Dark bands

A

Actin and myosin overlap

73
Q

Light bands

A

Actin doesn’t overlap myosin

74
Q

Process of skeletal muscle movement

A

Calcium binds to actin and alters it’s shape. Then actin attaches to myosin. Myosin is activated by ATP. This causes myosins shape to alter and thus pulls actin toward the center of each sarcomere.

75
Q

Does contraction of a muscular cell happen when the sarcomere gets shorter or longer?

A

Shorter

76
Q

What neurotransmitter stimulates a somatic motor neuron?

A

Ach

77
Q

How do you increase strength in muscles?

A

By developing more myofilaments

78
Q

Why do men have more muscle mass and strength?

A

Testosterone

79
Q

What muscle fibers are involved in strength?

A

White (store lots of glycogen)

80
Q

What muscle fibers are involved in endurance?

A

Red

81
Q

Why do the muscle fibers appear red?

A

They have large amounts of myoglobin (stores oxygen inside a muscle cell)

82
Q

How does aerobic exercise affect red fibers?

A

Stimulates the fibers to grow more mitochondria and to add more myoglobin. They show little fatigue overtime and contract repeatedly.

83
Q

Why do white fibers fatigue more than red?

A

They produce ATP anaerobically. Catabolism of glucose leads to the build up of lactic acid. This alters the pH and tells the skeletal muscles to shut off to prevent tissue damage.

84
Q

Goniometers

A

Measures range of motion at joints and come in many sizes

85
Q

Body Mass Index

A

Ratio of a persons weight over a persons height squares…times 703.
Used to categorize a persons health and degree of obesity.

86
Q

What are people with > 25 bmi at risk for?

A 
Cardiovascular disease
Non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
Hypertension
Stroke
Cancer
Death
87
Q

What besides bmi helps with determining obesity

A

Determining waist size (waist and chest fat is more dangerous)

88
Q

What effects the body fat analyzer

A

Bone slows the current
Having little water slows the current
Fat tissues slows the current

89
Q

Why is some body fat essential

A

Cushions and protects internal organs from injury
Needed in bone marrow and cell membranes
Vitamins are stored in body fat

90
Q

What happens to women who don’t have the essential body fat

A

Causes women to stop estrogen production which causes amenorrhea. This results in not being able to ovulate or menstruate. And loss of bone density

91
Q

Best techniques for stretching

A

Twice a week, 1-3 exercises for each muscle group, 15-30 seconds
No bounce stretching

92
Q

How does flexibility decline with age?

A

Decrease in activity
Tissues lose elasticity
More prone to stiffness

93
Q

Factors that cause muscle strength to decline with age

A

Number of myosin risk in muscle cell decreases

Muscle cells have reduced glycogen reserves and reduced myoglobin

94
Q

Acids

A

Increases concentration of h in solutions

95
Q

Midbrain

A

Processes Visual and auditory

96
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordinates voluntary movements

Balance coordination posture

97
Q

Cerebrum

A

Conscious and intellectual thoughts.

Memory

98
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Memory

99
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Hormones and emotions

100
Q

Thalamus

A

Processes sensory info

101
Q

Diencephalon

A

Hypothalamus and thalamus

102
Q

Six major regions

A

Cerebrum, cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata, midbrain, Diencephalon

103
Q

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

A

They process and relay information to and from the cerebrum and cerebellum

104
Q

Gustatory cortex

A

Taste

105
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Judgement
Social
Conscious thought

106
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Sensory info
Touch sensory
Reflex arc

107
Q

Temporal lobe

A 
Three S's
Smell
Sounds
Speech
Visual perception and recognition
108
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Connective tissue in the brain

109
Q

Transverse fissure

A

Surrounds the cerebellum

110
Q

Midbrain

A

Processes Visual and auditory

111
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordinates voluntary movements

Balance coordination posture

112
Q

Cerebrum

A

Conscious and intellectual thoughts.

Memory

113
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Memory

114
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Hormones and emotions

115
Q

Thalamus

A

Processes sensory info

116
Q

Diencephalon

A

Hypothalamus and thalamus

117
Q

Six major regions

A

Cerebrum, cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata, midbrain, Diencephalon

118
Q

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

A

They process and relay information to and from the cerebrum and cerebellum

119
Q

Gustatory cortex

A

Taste

120
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Judgement
Social
Conscious thought

121
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Sensory info
Touch sensory
Reflex arc

122
Q

Temporal lobe

A 
Three S's
Smell
Sounds
Speech
Visual perception and recognition
123
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Connective tissue in the brain

124
Q

Transverse fissure

A

Surrounds the cerebellum

Bio 119 (2 decks)

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