Quiz 1 Flashcards
Bases
Decreases concentration of h in solutions
pH =
-log(concentration of h)
A pH of 3 is ____ times more acidic than a pH of 4
10
A pH of 12 is ____ times more alkaline than a pH of 10
100
Normal plasma pH
7.35-7.45
What can cause acidosis?
Diarrhea or chronic use of laxatives cahses the loss of alkaline fluids from the intestines so the blood pH is more acidic.
What can acidosis lead to?
Weakness, fatigue, coma, and death
What causes a loss of extremely acidic stomach fluids (alkalosis)
Vomiting and bulimia
pH goes up
What can alkalosis lead to?
Excessive muscle tension, fast heart rate, convulsions, death
Examples of extra cellular fluids
Plasma (fluid of the blood) Interstitial fluid (fills the small spaces surrounding most cells)
What substances can’t freely move throughout a cell membrane?
Polar (charged) cells
Does water or polar molecules move faster?
Water
Active transport
Uses atp to bring cells in against the concentration gradient
Cytoplasm
Internal environment of a cell
Has intracellular fluid
Cell membrane
Made of phospholipids and is selectively permeable
pH of baking soda with vinegar
6; acidic
Carbon dioxide is released
Examples of basics
Bleach, baking soda, milk of magnesia,
What is diffusion?
Occurs when substance x moves away from an area or source of higher concentration towards an area of lower concentration of substance X. The move away because they encounter fewer obstructing molecules
What affects the rate of diffusion?
Temperature, high = more diffusion…more cells are interacting
Molecular weight, the heavier the more diffusion
Distance to travel
Solvent density
The more concentrated, the faster the diffusion
The more soluble, the faster the diffusion
Why does a heavier molecule diffuse more and faster?
Because it’s at a higher concentration so it needs to diffuse more to get to a lower concentration. Has more bits that need to be diffused.
Why can water easily move throughout the cell membrane?
Because it is a very small molecule
What is osmosis
When water moves by diffusion (from a low solute concentration to a high solute concentration) through a semi-permeable membrane.
Why is osmosis passive transport?
Because there is no cellular energy (atp) needed.
What does isotonic mean?
The cell has no net gain or loss of water
Equilibrium
Same concentration of water and solutes
What happens when a cell is placed in a solution with a higher concentration of solutes?
The cell becomes wrinkled because it loses water to the solution (Dehydrated cell/hypertonic solution). Cells may die
What happens when a cell is placed in a solution with a lower concentration of solutes?
Excessive water flows into the cell making it swell (Overhydrated cell/hypotonic solution). They can rupture in a process called lysis.
1 mol =
6.022 X 10^23 molecules per 1 liter
Osmolarity =
N times moles
N =
Number of dissociated particles that are present when a substance is placed in water.
What should the osmolarity be for the plant and animal cell to be isotonic with the cell?
0.30
Grams =
Molecular weight / moles
Moles =
Grams * molecular weight
Isotonic NaCl solution
0.88%
Describe the chemical reaction between vinegar and baking soda
Fast chemical explosion; co2 released. Slightly acidic.
How can you fix acidosis
Drinking milk, it neutralizes pH
How can you fix acidosis
By drinking apple juice, it’s acidic
Example of involuntary reflexes
Heartbeat, respiratory movements, digestive activity, postural adjustments.
What is a receptor
A specialized cell designed to generate a neural signal when stimulated by a particular type of sensory signal (stimulus)
Reflex arc
Stimulus (hitting the soft spot of the knee) Receptor Sensory neuron Inter neuron Motor neuron Effector organ Response (jerk)
Effector organ
A muscle or gland that responds to the motor neuron
Quad
Hamstring
Somatic reflexes
Involve the outer body to excite skeletal cells
Use somatic motor neurons
Visceral reflexes
Involves visceral organs and use autonomic motor neurons to control cardiac or smooth muscle.
Benefit of reflex testing
Can provide information about damage to the spinal cord or spinal nerves
Stretch receptors
Arranged parallel with almost every skeletal muscle
Why is the stretch reflex critical?
Important for posture and preventing damage from hyperextension of limbs.
Example of an antagonist muscle
Hamstring (flexors)
Example of a agonist
Quadriceps (extensors)
What does it mean when one side of the body doesn’t react the same to a reflex
Localized damage in the nervous system
Patellar reflex
L2 L3 L4
Achilles reflex
S1 S2
Do endurance athletes have faster or slower reflexes?
Slower
Do sprint athletes have a faster or slower reflex?
Faster
What is reinforcement of a reflex?
When other muscular activity is occurring simultaneously, the reflex response is faster
What increases and decreases muscle tone?
Mental activity increases and fatigue decreases
Hyporeflexia
Diminished reflex response
Causes of hyporeflexia
Chronic diabetes
Malnutrition
Alcoholism
Injury
What is hyporeflexia of the Achilles’ tendon associated with?
Hypothyroidism
Hyperreflexia
Exaggerated reflexes
Cause by a loss of inhibition by the motor cortex (excessive muscle tone) or damage to the CNS motor tracts
Fascia
Connective tissue that covers the outer portion of a muscle
Afferent nerves
Send signals from the body to the CNS
Efferent nerves
Sends commands from the CNS to the body
Sympathetic nervous system
Fight or flight
Parasympathetic
Rest and digest
Somatic nervous system
Controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles
Autonomic nervous system
Controls the involuntary movement of smooth and cardiac muscles
What is the composition of connective tissue?
Collagen fibers
Characteristics of collagen fibers
Strong
Make the tendons
Stretch a little
Skeletal muscle is multinucleated
True
Characteristics of skeletal muscle
Multinucleated
Sarcolemma
Have lots of mitochondria to produce atp aerobically
Striated (light and dark bands)
What are the myofilaments
Thick - myosin protein ATP
Thin - actin protein CALCIUM
How are myofilaments arranged?
In sarcomeres (long repeated units)
Dark bands
Actin and myosin overlap
Light bands
Actin doesn’t overlap myosin
Process of skeletal muscle movement
Calcium binds to actin and alters it’s shape. Then actin attaches to myosin. Myosin is activated by ATP. This causes myosins shape to alter and thus pulls actin toward the center of each sarcomere.
Does contraction of a muscular cell happen when the sarcomere gets shorter or longer?
Shorter
What neurotransmitter stimulates a somatic motor neuron?
Ach
How do you increase strength in muscles?
By developing more myofilaments
Why do men have more muscle mass and strength?
Testosterone
What muscle fibers are involved in strength?
White (store lots of glycogen)
What muscle fibers are involved in endurance?
Red
Why do the muscle fibers appear red?
They have large amounts of myoglobin (stores oxygen inside a muscle cell)
How does aerobic exercise affect red fibers?
Stimulates the fibers to grow more mitochondria and to add more myoglobin. They show little fatigue overtime and contract repeatedly.
Why do white fibers fatigue more than red?
They produce ATP anaerobically. Catabolism of glucose leads to the build up of lactic acid. This alters the pH and tells the skeletal muscles to shut off to prevent tissue damage.
Goniometers
Measures range of motion at joints and come in many sizes
Body Mass Index
Ratio of a persons weight over a persons height squares…times 703.
Used to categorize a persons health and degree of obesity.
What are people with > 25 bmi at risk for?
Cardiovascular disease Non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus Hypertension Stroke Cancer Death
What besides bmi helps with determining obesity
Determining waist size (waist and chest fat is more dangerous)
What effects the body fat analyzer
Bone slows the current
Having little water slows the current
Fat tissues slows the current
Why is some body fat essential
Cushions and protects internal organs from injury
Needed in bone marrow and cell membranes
Vitamins are stored in body fat
What happens to women who don’t have the essential body fat
Causes women to stop estrogen production which causes amenorrhea. This results in not being able to ovulate or menstruate. And loss of bone density
Best techniques for stretching
Twice a week, 1-3 exercises for each muscle group, 15-30 seconds
No bounce stretching
How does flexibility decline with age?
Decrease in activity
Tissues lose elasticity
More prone to stiffness
Factors that cause muscle strength to decline with age
Number of myosin risk in muscle cell decreases
Muscle cells have reduced glycogen reserves and reduced myoglobin
Acids
Increases concentration of h in solutions
Midbrain
Processes Visual and auditory
Cerebellum
Coordinates voluntary movements
Balance coordination posture
Cerebrum
Conscious and intellectual thoughts.
Memory
Cerebral cortex
Memory
Hypothalamus
Hormones and emotions
Thalamus
Processes sensory info
Diencephalon
Hypothalamus and thalamus
Six major regions
Cerebrum, cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata, midbrain, Diencephalon
Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
They process and relay information to and from the cerebrum and cerebellum
Gustatory cortex
Taste
Frontal lobe
Judgement
Social
Conscious thought
Parietal lobe
Sensory info
Touch sensory
Reflex arc
Temporal lobe
Three S's Smell Sounds Speech Visual perception and recognition
Corpus callosum
Connective tissue in the brain
Transverse fissure
Surrounds the cerebellum
Midbrain
Processes Visual and auditory
Cerebellum
Coordinates voluntary movements
Balance coordination posture
Cerebrum
Conscious and intellectual thoughts.
Memory
Cerebral cortex
Memory
Hypothalamus
Hormones and emotions
Thalamus
Processes sensory info
Diencephalon
Hypothalamus and thalamus
Six major regions
Cerebrum, cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata, midbrain, Diencephalon
Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
They process and relay information to and from the cerebrum and cerebellum
Gustatory cortex
Taste
Frontal lobe
Judgement
Social
Conscious thought
Parietal lobe
Sensory info
Touch sensory
Reflex arc
Temporal lobe
Three S's Smell Sounds Speech Visual perception and recognition
Corpus callosum
Connective tissue in the brain
Transverse fissure
Surrounds the cerebellum
