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Bio 119 > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Bases

A

Decreases concentration of h in solutions

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2
Q

pH =

A

-log(concentration of h)

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3
Q

A pH of 3 is ____ times more acidic than a pH of 4

A

10

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4
Q

A pH of 12 is ____ times more alkaline than a pH of 10

A

100

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5
Q

Normal plasma pH

A

7.35-7.45

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6
Q

What can cause acidosis?

A

Diarrhea or chronic use of laxatives cahses the loss of alkaline fluids from the intestines so the blood pH is more acidic.

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7
Q

What can acidosis lead to?

A

Weakness, fatigue, coma, and death

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8
Q

What causes a loss of extremely acidic stomach fluids (alkalosis)

A

Vomiting and bulimia

pH goes up

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9
Q

What can alkalosis lead to?

A

Excessive muscle tension, fast heart rate, convulsions, death

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10
Q

Examples of extra cellular fluids

A 
Plasma (fluid of the blood)
Interstitial fluid (fills the small spaces surrounding most cells)
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11
Q

What substances can’t freely move throughout a cell membrane?

A

Polar (charged) cells

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12
Q

Does water or polar molecules move faster?

A

Water

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13
Q

Active transport

A

Uses atp to bring cells in against the concentration gradient

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14
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Internal environment of a cell

Has intracellular fluid

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15
Q

Cell membrane

A

Made of phospholipids and is selectively permeable

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16
Q

pH of baking soda with vinegar

A

6; acidic

Carbon dioxide is released

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17
Q

Examples of basics

A

Bleach, baking soda, milk of magnesia,

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18
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Occurs when substance x moves away from an area or source of higher concentration towards an area of lower concentration of substance X. The move away because they encounter fewer obstructing molecules

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19
Q

What affects the rate of diffusion?

A

Temperature, high = more diffusion…more cells are interacting
Molecular weight, the heavier the more diffusion
Distance to travel
Solvent density
The more concentrated, the faster the diffusion
The more soluble, the faster the diffusion

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20
Q

Why does a heavier molecule diffuse more and faster?

A

Because it’s at a higher concentration so it needs to diffuse more to get to a lower concentration. Has more bits that need to be diffused.

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21
Q

Why can water easily move throughout the cell membrane?

A

Because it is a very small molecule

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22
Q

What is osmosis

A

When water moves by diffusion (from a low solute concentration to a high solute concentration) through a semi-permeable membrane.

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23
Q

Why is osmosis passive transport?

A

Because there is no cellular energy (atp) needed.

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24
Q

What does isotonic mean?

A

The cell has no net gain or loss of water
Equilibrium
Same concentration of water and solutes

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25
What happens when a cell is placed in a solution with a higher concentration of solutes?
The cell becomes wrinkled because it loses water to the solution (Dehydrated cell/hypertonic solution). Cells may die
26
What happens when a cell is placed in a solution with a lower concentration of solutes?
Excessive water flows into the cell making it swell (Overhydrated cell/hypotonic solution). They can rupture in a process called lysis.
27
1 mol =
6.022 X 10^23 molecules per 1 liter
28
Osmolarity =
N times moles
29
N =
Number of dissociated particles that are present when a substance is placed in water.
30
What should the osmolarity be for the plant and animal cell to be isotonic with the cell?
0.30
31
Grams =
Molecular weight / moles
32
Moles =
Grams * molecular weight
33
Isotonic NaCl solution
0.88%
34
Describe the chemical reaction between vinegar and baking soda
Fast chemical explosion; co2 released. Slightly acidic.
35
How can you fix acidosis
Drinking milk, it neutralizes pH
36
How can you fix acidosis
By drinking apple juice, it's acidic
37
Example of involuntary reflexes
Heartbeat, respiratory movements, digestive activity, postural adjustments.
38
What is a receptor
A specialized cell designed to generate a neural signal when stimulated by a particular type of sensory signal (stimulus)
39
Reflex arc
``` Stimulus (hitting the soft spot of the knee) Receptor Sensory neuron Inter neuron Motor neuron Effector organ Response (jerk) ```
40
Effector organ
A muscle or gland that responds to the motor neuron Quad Hamstring
41
Somatic reflexes
Involve the outer body to excite skeletal cells | Use somatic motor neurons
42
Visceral reflexes
Involves visceral organs and use autonomic motor neurons to control cardiac or smooth muscle.
43
Benefit of reflex testing
Can provide information about damage to the spinal cord or spinal nerves
44
Stretch receptors
Arranged parallel with almost every skeletal muscle
45
Why is the stretch reflex critical?
Important for posture and preventing damage from hyperextension of limbs.
46
Example of an antagonist muscle
Hamstring (flexors)
47
Example of a agonist
Quadriceps (extensors)
48
What does it mean when one side of the body doesn't react the same to a reflex
Localized damage in the nervous system
49
Patellar reflex
L2 L3 L4
50
Achilles reflex
S1 S2
51
Do endurance athletes have faster or slower reflexes?
Slower
52
Do sprint athletes have a faster or slower reflex?
Faster
53
What is reinforcement of a reflex?
When other muscular activity is occurring simultaneously, the reflex response is faster
54
What increases and decreases muscle tone?
Mental activity increases and fatigue decreases
55
Hyporeflexia
Diminished reflex response
56
Causes of hyporeflexia
Chronic diabetes Malnutrition Alcoholism Injury
57
What is hyporeflexia of the Achilles' tendon associated with?
Hypothyroidism
58
Hyperreflexia
Exaggerated reflexes | Cause by a loss of inhibition by the motor cortex (excessive muscle tone) or damage to the CNS motor tracts
59
Fascia
Connective tissue that covers the outer portion of a muscle
60
Afferent nerves
Send signals from the body to the CNS
61
Efferent nerves
Sends commands from the CNS to the body
62
Sympathetic nervous system
Fight or flight
63
Parasympathetic
Rest and digest
64
Somatic nervous system
Controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles
65
Autonomic nervous system
Controls the involuntary movement of smooth and cardiac muscles
66
What is the composition of connective tissue?
Collagen fibers
67
Characteristics of collagen fibers
Strong Make the tendons Stretch a little
68
Skeletal muscle is multinucleated
True
69
Characteristics of skeletal muscle
Multinucleated Sarcolemma Have lots of mitochondria to produce atp aerobically Striated (light and dark bands)
70
What are the myofilaments
Thick - myosin protein ATP | Thin - actin protein CALCIUM
71
How are myofilaments arranged?
In sarcomeres (long repeated units)
72
Dark bands
Actin and myosin overlap
73
Light bands
Actin doesn't overlap myosin
74
Process of skeletal muscle movement
Calcium binds to actin and alters it's shape. Then actin attaches to myosin. Myosin is activated by ATP. This causes myosins shape to alter and thus pulls actin toward the center of each sarcomere.
75
Does contraction of a muscular cell happen when the sarcomere gets shorter or longer?
Shorter
76
What neurotransmitter stimulates a somatic motor neuron?
Ach
77
How do you increase strength in muscles?
By developing more myofilaments
78
Why do men have more muscle mass and strength?
Testosterone
79
What muscle fibers are involved in strength?
White (store lots of glycogen)
80
What muscle fibers are involved in endurance?
Red
81
Why do the muscle fibers appear red?
They have large amounts of myoglobin (stores oxygen inside a muscle cell)
82
How does aerobic exercise affect red fibers?
Stimulates the fibers to grow more mitochondria and to add more myoglobin. They show little fatigue overtime and contract repeatedly.
83
Why do white fibers fatigue more than red?
They produce ATP anaerobically. Catabolism of glucose leads to the build up of lactic acid. This alters the pH and tells the skeletal muscles to shut off to prevent tissue damage.
84
Goniometers
Measures range of motion at joints and come in many sizes
85
Body Mass Index
Ratio of a persons weight over a persons height squares...times 703. Used to categorize a persons health and degree of obesity.
86
What are people with > 25 bmi at risk for?
``` Cardiovascular disease Non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus Hypertension Stroke Cancer Death ```
87
What besides bmi helps with determining obesity
Determining waist size (waist and chest fat is more dangerous)
88
What effects the body fat analyzer
Bone slows the current Having little water slows the current Fat tissues slows the current
89
Why is some body fat essential
Cushions and protects internal organs from injury Needed in bone marrow and cell membranes Vitamins are stored in body fat
90
What happens to women who don't have the essential body fat
Causes women to stop estrogen production which causes amenorrhea. This results in not being able to ovulate or menstruate. And loss of bone density
91
Best techniques for stretching
Twice a week, 1-3 exercises for each muscle group, 15-30 seconds No bounce stretching
92
How does flexibility decline with age?
Decrease in activity Tissues lose elasticity More prone to stiffness
93
Factors that cause muscle strength to decline with age
Number of myosin risk in muscle cell decreases | Muscle cells have reduced glycogen reserves and reduced myoglobin
94
Acids
Increases concentration of h in solutions
95
Midbrain
Processes Visual and auditory
96
Cerebellum
Coordinates voluntary movements | Balance coordination posture
97
Cerebrum
Conscious and intellectual thoughts. | Memory
98
Cerebral cortex
Memory
99
Hypothalamus
Hormones and emotions
100
Thalamus
Processes sensory info
101
Diencephalon
Hypothalamus and thalamus
102
Six major regions
Cerebrum, cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata, midbrain, Diencephalon
103
Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
They process and relay information to and from the cerebrum and cerebellum
104
Gustatory cortex
Taste
105
Frontal lobe
Judgement Social Conscious thought
106
Parietal lobe
Sensory info Touch sensory Reflex arc
107
Temporal lobe
``` Three S's Smell Sounds Speech Visual perception and recognition ```
108
Corpus callosum
Connective tissue in the brain
109
Transverse fissure
Surrounds the cerebellum
110
Midbrain
Processes Visual and auditory
111
Cerebellum
Coordinates voluntary movements | Balance coordination posture
112
Cerebrum
Conscious and intellectual thoughts. | Memory
113
Cerebral cortex
Memory
114
Hypothalamus
Hormones and emotions
115
Thalamus
Processes sensory info
116
Diencephalon
Hypothalamus and thalamus
117
Six major regions
Cerebrum, cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata, midbrain, Diencephalon
118
Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
They process and relay information to and from the cerebrum and cerebellum
119
Gustatory cortex
Taste
120
Frontal lobe
Judgement Social Conscious thought
121
Parietal lobe
Sensory info Touch sensory Reflex arc
122
Temporal lobe
``` Three S's Smell Sounds Speech Visual perception and recognition ```
123
Corpus callosum
Connective tissue in the brain
124
Transverse fissure
Surrounds the cerebellum

Bio 119 (2 decks)

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