Quiz #2 Flashcards
TQM stands for
Total Quality Management
What are the essential funtions of TQM
- Customer Focus
- Upper managment commitment
- Continuous improvement
- Participative management
- labor managment cooperation
- Organized analysis
What is the Central emphasis of TQM?
Customer Focus
Who is the Father of TQM?
W. Edwards Demming
What are the first 7 key elements of TQM?
1-Leaders determine aim/purpose of Organization and commit to them
2-All, including management, learn new philosophy.
3-All must understand purpose of inspection
4-Eliminate using costs as a basis for awarding business
5-continuously improve systems of production and service
6-Modern training methods
7-teach leadership
What are the second 7 key elements of TQM
8-Eliminate Fear, build trust, create environment conducive to innovation.
9-Staff must be optimized toward aims of Org.
10-Eliminate pleas to the workforce
11-Eliminate numerical quotas
12-Eliminate obstacles that deprive people of pride in their work.
13-Ecourage worker education
14-Act to bring transformation
What did you learn about while she was gone?
INPUTS- Actual items (people, places, money, etc) PROCESS- What would the inputs provide? OUTPUTS- is the process working? OUTCOMES- long term results STRATEGIC PLANNING: SWOT Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats
when did policy science emerge as field of study
50’s and 60’s
How did policy science approach societal problems?
Qantitative and Quasi- scientific approaches
What is operations research?
use of statistics and math
Planning Programming Budgeting system (PPBS)
Systematic comparisons, cost and effectiveness. cost-benifit analysis.
What happened in 1964
Economic Opportunity Act
What did the 164 law end up doing?
Bring Program evaluation to the forefront of study.
why do outside evaluations matter?
Gain knowledge and improve certain aspects of the program
Questions to ask during an evaluation….
1- why is there a need for eval?
2-What Q’s will the eval try to answer?
3-How will results be used?
Close ended questions vs open ended?
Close- Scale ratings
open- Narrative ratings
Who are Stakeholders?
Policy makers Programs sponsors eval sponsor program managers program targets other interested parties
Types of Program Evals
1- needs assessment: what are the problems and services needed?
2-Program theory: goals and objectives, services to be delivered, etc.
3- program process:How well are services being delivered?
4- asses program impact: goals/ objectives completed?
5-asses program efficiency: do benefits outweigh costs?
Prior to 1921, how was the federal budget managed?
It was fragmented and disorganized. Agencies petitioned Congress directly and the president had no formal role.
In 1921, the federal budget changed in what ways?
The Budget and accounting act. Bureau of the budget (BOB) and Government Accountability Office (GAO) created
The BOB is know known as what?
The Office of Managment and Budget
What is the Current process for the federal budget?
February- President sends budget request to congress. OMB provides congress with requested amount and projected taxes for upcoming year. they also determine if there will be a surplus or deficit.
Congress develops a budget resolution: appropriations bill.
What are the spending priorities for congress?
Discretionary and Entitlement
Types of budgets
OPERATING: short term, year-to-year budget
CAPITAL: long term budget for large projects that take longer than the fiscal year. financed through borrowing (bonds)
LINE-ITEM: illustrates what the money will be used for specifically. popular at local level, provides accountability, not tied to performance.
PERFORMANCE: amount of money is based on performance
ZERO-BASED: defends funding level each year. helpful for setting priorities.Labor intensive.
Auditing:
Independent investigation. Federal is overseen by GAO. State by Comptroller. local by local firms/ comptroller
Where does the money come from?
Federal: Income, wealth, consumption taxes
State: income, consumption taxes
Local: property taxes
progressive tax system
Tax goes up as income goes up.
Regressive tax system
the government assesses tax as a percentage of the asset that the taxpayer purchases or owns.
