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Nutrition > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Catabolism

A

Splitting of complex substances into smaller substances

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2
Q

Coenzymes

A

An enzyme that needs vitamins to be activated. Thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin are all three essential coenzymes in the Krebs cycle

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3
Q

Cofactor

A

Functions in the same way as coenzymes, but the molecule required is a mineral or electrolyte

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4
Q

Hormones

A

Messengers produced by a group of cells that stimulate or retard the function of other cells. Hormones principally control different metabolic functions that affect growth and secretions

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5
Q

Role of the liver

A

Regulatory role controlling the kinds and qualities of nutrients in bloodstream. Detoxifies drugs. Controls the kinds and qualities of nutrients in the bloodstream: all monosaccharides are converted to glucose in a liver to provide an energy supply for the cells

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6
Q

Role of the kidneys

A

Removes waste products from the blood. Controls many nutrients (glucose, amino acids, water) in the blood. Removes waste products from the blood and along with the liver controls amount of many nutrients in the blood. They can either move metabolic and products, unnecessary substances absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and potentially harmful compounds that have been detoxified by the liver

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7
Q

Carbohydrate metabolism

A

Liver closely monitors glucose level. Insulin for modes uptake of glucose by all cells in the body, enabling them to catabolize and or store it. Deliver and skeletal muscles store glucose for glycogen. If the glucose levels fall below the step point level, hormones such as a glucagon promote the release of glucose from storage in the bloodstream.

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8
Q

Glycogenesis

A

A process in which sugars fructose, galactose, sorbitol, and xylitol are stored as glycogen

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9
Q

Insulin

A

A hormone that lowers blood glucose levels

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10
Q

Glycemic affect

A

The rate at which glucose rises in the bloodstream after a particular food is eaten

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11
Q

Glucogenesis

A

The process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

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12
Q

Protein metabolism

A

Amino acids are transported through portal vein into liver. The liver is a aminostat monitoring intake and breakdown of amino acids. Constant dynamics date between anabolism and catabolism

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13
Q

Liver metabolism

A

Liver regulates fat metabolism.

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14
Q

Lipogenesis

A

The process in which glucose is converted to fats

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15
Q

Lipolysis

A

The process of fat breakdown

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16
Q

Oxidation

A

The process of hydrolyzing triglycerides into two carbon entities to enter the crab cycle for energy production. During oxidation 1 pound of fat results in the result of 3500 kcal for energy

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17
Q

Ketones

A

Acidic metabolic products that are formed when an excessive amount of fat are oxidized for energy. They are not oxidized in the liver, but carried to the skeletal and cardiac muscles, we’re under normal circumstances, they are rapidly metabolized

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18
Q

Alcohol metabolism

A

Supplies kilocalories for the body to use for energy. Metabolized by the liver. When alcohol is present, it is oxidized instead of that. This can cause lipid accumulation in the liver. In addition to liver damage, alcohol can interfere with the transport, activation, and catabolism of almost every nutrient.

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19
Q

Metabolic energy

A

Potential energy values of food is measured in terms of kilocalories or calories. Energy production: metabolism of nutrients in the Krebs cycle resulting in ATP production.

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20
Q

Calorie

A

The potential energy value of food and energy exchanges within the body. A kilo calorie is the mount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water 1°C

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21
Q

Adenosine triphosphate

A

Stored cellular energy that results from the metabolism a basic nutrients

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22
Q

Basal metabolic rate

A

Indicates the energy required for involuntary physiological functions to maintain life, including respiration, circulation and maintenance of muscle tone and body temp

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23
Q

Thermogenic effect

A

Increase in metabolism that occurs during digestion, absorption, metabolism of energy yielding nutrients

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24
Q

Basal energy expenditure

A

A person’s total caloric requirement

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25
Q

Type one diabetes – insulin dependent diabetes

A

Defined as an autoimmune destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas, causing total insulin deficiency. Only 10% of diagnosed cases, commonly occur before age 30. Treated through diet, home blood glucose monitoring, and daily insulin injections

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26
Q

Type two diabetes – non-insulin dependent diabetes

A

Body produces insufficient amount of insulin or the body cells ignore the insulin and feel to use it to bring glucose into the body cells. Most common form and usually occurs after age 40. Treatment through diet, home glucose monitoring, medication or insulin injections

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27
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

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28
Q

Thiamine (B1)

A

Energy to brain, heart and central nervous system. Essential for carbohydrate metabolism. Deficiencies include beriberi and wernicke-korsakoff syndrome. Necessary for nice in synthesis. Is known as a “morale” vitamin

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29
Q

Riboflavin – B2

A

Essential for Ike, skin, and mucous membrane health. Necessary for niacin synthesis.

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30
Q

Niacin – B3

A

Protein synthesis. Pharmacological doses used to reduce cholesterol and triglycerides

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31
Q

Biotin B7

A

Coenzyme in energy metabolism and glycogen synthesis

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32
Q

Pyridoxine B6

A

Brain function and production of red blood cells

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33
Q

Folate

A

Used for proper formation of neural tube’s during fetal development.

34
Q

Cobalamin B12

A

Contains mineral cobalt.

35
Q

Vitamin C – ascorbic acid

A

Collagen formation. A deficiency is scurvy. Antioxidant

Papaya, sweet red peppers, guava, orange juice, mango and

36
Q

Vitamin A

A

Night blindness. Boon and tooth development. Carrots

Organ meats – liver –, milk, cheese, eggs, oil, called liver and fortified foods

37
Q

Vitamin D

A

Sources are from sunlight and fish. Is called the vitamin but classified as a hormone. Rickets is a deficiency. Involved in hematopoiesis-formation of red blood cells

Son, oily fish – salmon –, cereal, milk and yogurt

38
Q

Vitamin E

A

Antioxidant and anti-coagulant.

Veggie oil’s, whole-grain or fortified cereals, nuts, green leafy veggies, peaches and apples

39
Q

Vitamin K

A

Slows clotting time

Kale, spinach, broccoli, asparagus, peas, ground beef and yogurt

40
Q

Phosphorous

A

Formation of bones and teeth. Second most abundant mineral in the body

41
Q

Calcium

A

Most abundant mineral in the body. 99% is in teeth and bones. Rickets

42
Q

Magnesium

A

Cofactor for over 300 enzymes. Controls blood pressure and stroke

43
Q

Fluoride

A

Forms fluoroapatite. In ocean fish with bones

44
Q

Copper

A

Encourages production of neurotransmitters. In cornea, causes brown or green ring called kayser-fleischer ring

45
Q

Selenium

A

Cardiomyopathy called Keshan disease

46
Q

Manganese

A

Has a syndrome similar to Parkinson’s disease called manganese madness

47
Q

Sodium

A

Maintains normal extra cellular fluid concentration. Regulates acid – base balance. Facilitates impulse transmission in nerve and muscle fibers

48
Q

Potassium

A

Maintains intercellular fluid concentration

49
Q

What is the number one provider of energy

A

Carbohydrates. They are the first thing to break down.

50
Q

What is the source of energy for the body

A

ATP. You get that by breaking down carbohydrates lipids and proteins

51
Q

What component is needed for the development of collagen and nervous tissues

A

Carbohydrate

52
Q

What is second to be broken down for energy if carbs are not available

A

Lipids

53
Q

Lipids

A

Concentrated source of energy. Spears proteins.

54
Q

What is the last thing to be broken down for energy

A

Proteins. This is bad because it releases nitrogen into your system and poisons you

55
Q

Primary deficiency

A

Occurs when a person doesn’t get enough of a certain vital nutrients, not eating enough of it

56
Q

Secondary deficiency

A

Occurs when your bodies ability to absorb nutrients is limited by conditioner illness. You were eating enough of it but your body can’t absorb it and use it

57
Q

Tertiary deficiency.

A

One deficiency causes another deficiency, common with the B vitamins

58
Q

Anabolism

A

Using absorb nutrients to build or synthesize more complex compounds. Process requires energy to build substances that make up the body itself and other substances necessary for body functions

59
Q

What nutrient maintains blood glucose levels if consumed only one time a day

A

Carbohydrates. Carbohydrates will cause blood glucose to rise the most in the most quickly. Lipids I contain carbohydrates – like milk and juice – will cause blood glucose to rise faster than solids that contain carbohydrates – like bread –. Because of the impact that they have a blood glucose levels, carbohydrates are the most important macro nutrient for people with diabetes to monitor

60
Q

Calcium and phosphorus relationship

A

If calcium level goes up, phosphorus level goes down – inversely related. Ideal calcium/phosphorus ratio for adults is 1:1. A protective mechanism is to prevent hi combined concentrations, which can lead to a calcification of soft tissues in stone formation

61
Q

Iron deficiency anemia

A

1 nutrient deficiency: obesity, in adequate dietary intake. The most prominent oral signs of iron deficiency include: Pallor of the lips, and oral mucosa, angular cheilitis, atrophy of filiform papillae and glossitis

62
Q

Microcytic anemia

A

In pregnant women and infants born to women experiencing anemia

63
Q

Iron

A

Sore, burning tongue. Component of hemoglobin. Organ meats, meat, fish

64
Q

Zinc

A

Night vision, immune defense. Thickening of epithelium

65
Q

Chloride

A

Maintains extra cellular function balance, osmotic equilibrium and electrolyte balance. People at risk are persistent heavy sweating.

66
Q

Iodine

A

Production of thyroxine. Goiter

67
Q

Thirst

A

In healthy adults, thirst is often an early sign of the bodies need for fluids but can often be mistaken for hunger.

68
Q

How is water lost

A

Your nation. Perspiration. Expiration. Defection.

69
Q

What happens when too much body water is lost

A

When 2% of body water is lost, osmoreceptors are stimulated creating a physiological desire to ingest liquids.

70
Q

Osmoreceptors

A

Neurons in the hypothalamus that are sensitive to change in serum and osmolality levels. Stimulation of them causes thirst. They also increase the release of antidiuretic hormone from the pituitary gland. This causes body to retain fluids by decreasing urinary output

71
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of water from an area of low solute concentration to one of the higher solute concentration. Osmotic pressure within the body equalizes the solute concentration of intracellular and extracellular by shifting small amounts of water in the direction of higher concentration of solute

72
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

Which constitute 60% of the bodies fluid weight and includes all of the fluids within cells – chiefly in muscle tissue

73
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

Consists of fluid outside the cell

74
Q

Cation

A

Positively charged ion

75
Q

Anion

A

Negatively charged ion

76
Q

Electrons

A

A stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative electricity, found an all atoms and acting as the primary carrier of electricity in solids

77
Q

Protons

A

A stable subatomic particle occurring in all atomic nuclei, with a positive electric charge equal in magnitude to that of an electron but of opposite sign

78
Q

Which vitamins are antioxidants

A

Vitamin C and vitamin E

79
Q

Which minerals are antioxidants

A

Selenium, zinc, copper, Manganese

80
Q

Retinal form of vitamin a

A

From animal sources. Most biologically active form of vitamin D. Retinal is converted to retinal in the eye. Night blindness may result from in adequate vitamin A

81
Q

Carotene form of vitamin A

A

From plant sources. Associated with cancer prevention. Found in yellow, green, orange leafy vegetables

Nutrition (3 decks)

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