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gr 11 Biology Unit 1 > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

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0
Q

True breeding

A

An organism that produces offspring identical in appearance to itself, generation after generation

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1
Q

Trait

A

A specific characteristic exhibited by an organism

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2
Q

Cross fertilization

A

The fertilization of a female gamete from one organism with the male gamete of another

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3
Q

Parent generation

A

Organisms that are initially crossed an usually true breeding

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4
Q

First filial generation

A

The offspring of a cross of P Generation

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5
Q

Second filial generation

A

The offspring of a cross between the F1 generation

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6
Q

Hybrid

A

Offspring that result from crossing 2 true breeding varieties of the same species

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7
Q

Monohybrid

A

The offspring produces from parents that differ in just 1 trait

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8
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

A cross of 2 individuals that differ by just 1 trait

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9
Q

Allele

A

A specific form of a gene

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10
Q

Dominant

A

A form of a trait that always appears when an individual has an allele for it (Y)

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11
Q

Recessive

A

The form of a trait that only appears when an individual has 2 alleles for it (y).

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12
Q

Homozygous

A

Having 2 identical alleles for a trait (YY or yy)

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13
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having 2 different alleles for a trait. Dominant allele over powers recessive allele. (Yy)

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14
Q

Genotype

A

The combination of alleles for any given trait or the genetic makeup for an organism

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15
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical traits of an organism

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16
Q

Punnett square

A

A grid used to illustrate all possible genotype a and phenotype a of offspring from genetic crosses. Developed by Reginald Punnett.

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17
Q

Test cross

A

A cross between a parent of an unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive parent

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18
Q

Dihybrid

A

The offspring produced from parents that differ in 2 traits

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19
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

The cross of 2 individuals that differ in 2 traits due to 2 different genes

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20
Q

The law of segregation

A

Mendel’s first law: traits are determined by pairs of alleles that separate during meiosis so that each gamete receives one allele

21
Q

The form of a trait expressed in the offspring depends on what?

A

Depends on whether dominant or recessive alleles are inherited

22
Q

Mendel’s 2nd Law

A

The law of independent assortment. States that if genes are located on separate chromosomes, they will be inherited independently of one another.

23
Q

Pedigree

A

A type of flowchart that uses symbols to show inheritance patterns of traits in a family over many generations. Used to show how traits, controlled by a single gene or multiple genes, run through a family. Useful for predicting diseases within a family line.

24
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

A situation where neither allele dominant a each other and both have an influence on the individual, resulting in a blending of the traits; called partial expression

25
Q

Codominance

A

A situation where both alleles are expressed fully to produce offspring with a third phenotype

26
Q

What are the 4 blood types?

A

A, B, AB, O

27
Q

What are the genotypes for blood types?

A

A) I^AI^A or I^Ai

B) I^BI^B or I^Bi

AB) I^AI^B

O) ii

28
Q

What blood types are dominant/recessive and which ones are co dominant?

A

AB is codominant and the rest are dominant/ recessive

29
Q

What are the 3 possible alleles for the blood type gene?

A

I^A, I^B, and i

30
Q

Linked genes

A

The genes that cause traits to be inherited together. They are found on the same chromosome and do not sort independently (an exception to Mendel’s 2nd law)

31
Q

How can unlinking in occur?

A

If crossing over occurs during gamete formation

32
Q

Sex-linked gene

A

Any gene located on the X or Y chromosome (sex chromosome). For humans, most sex-linked genes are found on the X chromosome since it’s much larger than the Y’s.

33
Q

Sex-linked traits

A

Traits controlled by X-linked and Y-linked genes. Many sex-linked traits are also genetic disorders. Ex) red-green colour blindness

34
Q

Genome

A

The sequence of DNA for all the chromosomes of an organism.

35
Q

How many base pairs are there in the human genome?

A

3 billion

36
Q

How much of our DNA is made up of DNA that codes for specific traits?

A

only 2%

37
Q

What was the human genome project?

A

Launched in 1990, completed in 2003, a worldwide project which involved the sequencing of the human genome.

38
Q

Genomics

A

The study of genomes and how genes work together to control phenotypes

39
Q

Plasmid

A

Small circular pieces of DNA that can exit and enter bacterial cells.

40
Q

Restriction enzymes

A

Molecules that have the ability to cut DNA at a specific site; different restriction enzymes recognize and cut different sites

41
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

A fragment of DNA consisting of nucleotide sequences from at least two different sources

42
Q

How is recombinant DNA done?

A

Can be made from any 2 pieces of DNA that have been cut with the same restriction enzyme

43
Q

Give an example of recombinant DNA

A

Geneticists can use this technique to transfer a piece of DNA with a gene of interest from one species to another. Ex) putting omega in a banana

44
Q

Describe spider silk, a product of engineering

A

Spider silk, dragline fibre, is at least 5 times as strong as steel and twice as strong as the material in bulletproof vests, waterproof, and ductile. Using recombinant DNA scientists can make spider silk outside a spider’s body to put in other organisms such as goats to produce milk with the protein from spider silk. Also used for manufacturing, parachutes, and outerwear

45
Q

Describe Bt corn, a product of genetic engineering

A

A bacterium found in soil, produces a natural pesticide of crystal proteins that are lethal to certain insects but harmless to humans. These genes have been inserted into corn using recombinant DNA to produce its own pesticides against insects

46
Q

Gene therapy

A

The process by which defective genes in a genome are corrected with a normal copy of the gene.

47
Q

The three basic steps of gene therapy

A

1) scientists remove/alter viral DNA so that the viruses cannot harm the cells they enter
2) copies of the DNA that include the normal human gene are placed inside each virus and incorporated into the virus’ DNA
3) large numbers of these viruses are used to infect the target cells in an attempt to insert the normal human DNA into the cells genome

48
Q

Setbacks to gene therapy

A

Jesse Gelsinger died due to severe immune system response in 1999

In 2003, 2 children developed leukaemia a few years after the gene therapy was completed (it activated the gene that causes leukaemia)

49
Q

Gene therapy successes

A

1) restoration of vision in patients with an inherited retinal disease
2) repairing a gene that causes Duchenne muscular dystrophy
3) restoring hearing after hairs in the inner ear are damaged

gr 11 Biology Unit 1 (2 decks)

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