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gr 11 Biology Unit 1 > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Heredity

A

The passing of traits from parents to offspring

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1
Q

Genetics

A

The scientific study of heredity and variation

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2
Q

Gene

A

A segment of DNA which codes for a particular trait

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3
Q

Locus

A

The location of a gene on a chromosome

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4
Q

What does the structure of a chromosome look like?

A

[refer to diagram in notes]

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5
Q

Sister chromatids

A

The double sets of chromosomes attached at the centromere

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6
Q

Centrioles

A

An organelle that produces spinal fibres. Also called centrosomes

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7
Q

Diploid

A

Cells have 2 sets of chromosomes (2n)

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8
Q

Haploid

A

Cells have 1/2 the normal sets of chromosomes

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9
Q

Polypoid

A

Cells have 3 or more sets of chromosomes

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10
Q

Chromosome

A

Found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Made up of DNA. They occur in sets

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11
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46

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12
Q

Interphase

A

The longest phase of the cell in which the cells perform all normal life functions, the cell grows in size, and the organelles and DNA are duplicated

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13
Q

Mitosis. What does it ensure?

A

The middle section of the cell cycle in which 2 identical diploid daughter cells are produced. It ensures each new cell has a nucleus with chromatin

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14
Q

Prophase

A

The DNA condenses and thickens to form chromosomes (coiled DNA) and the nuclear membrane starts to dissolve. Centrioles migrate to poles of cell and spindle fibres attach to centromere

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15
Q

Metaphase

A

Nuclear membrane completely dissolves and chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell

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16
Q

Anaphase

A

Each chromosome separates into two identical single-stranded parts (formally the chromosomes now sister chromatids). Sister chromatids are pulled toward end of each cell, because spindle fibers contract

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17
Q

Telophase

A

Single stranded chromosomes coil into thin strands of chromatin. Spindle fibers dissolve, and the nuclear membrane reforms

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18
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasm and organelles separate. Two daughter cells form. In animal cells, cell pinches into two. In plant cells, a cell wall forms, dividing it into two parts

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19
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid: a molecule that carries genetic information for cells, it makes up a chromosome

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20
Q

Chromatin

A

The genetic material which is made up of DNA strands

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21
Q

What is a gamete? What do they include? How are they produced?

A

They are haploid sex cells. They include egg and sperm cells. Produced by meiosis

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22
Q

What is fertilization? What is the product?

A

The joining/fusion of two gametes. The new cell produced is diploid, called a zygote.

23
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Matching pairs of chromosomes. Each chromosome of the pair is composed of a pair of sister chromatids (the structure is a tetrad)

24
Q

Meiosis? What are the 2 stages?

A

A two-stage cell division in which the resulting daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. It produces four haploid gametes cells

25
Q

Prophase 1

A

Chromosomes shorten and thicken. Nuclear membrane starts to dissolve. Sister chromatids come together as homologous pairs (this structures called a tetrad). Synapsis then occurs, causing crossing over

26
Q

Metaphase 1

A

The tetrads migrate towards the center of the cell

27
Q

Anaphase 1

A

Homologous chromosomes are pulled by spindle fibres and move to opposite poles. Reduction division occurs cutting number of chromosomes in half

28
Q

Telophase 1

A

Nuclear membrane starts to reform and cell begins to divide. The new cells are haploid

29
Q

Prophase 2

A

Nuclear membrane reforms and spindle fibres begin to reform

30
Q

Metaphase 2

A

Sister chromatids line up NEXT to each other across the equator of cell

31
Q

Anaphase 2

A

Sister chromatids software and move to opposite poles. Nuclear membrane starts to form around chromatids, now called chromosomes

32
Q

Telophase 2 and cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasm and organelles divide. 4 haploid non-identical daughter cells (gametes) are produced.

33
Q

Tetrad

A

The structure of homologous pairs

34
Q

Synapsis and crossing over

A

Each sister chromatid intertwines with a sister chromatids from its matching homologous chromosome. The intertwined chromatids from different chromosomes break and reattach to each other, exchanging DNA

35
Q

Reduction division

A

When only 1 of the sister chromatids from each homologous pair are found in each new daughter cell. (Cutting number of chromosomes in half)

36
Q

Gametogenesis

A

The process where gametes are produced. Occurs in reproductive organs (plants: flowers, humans: gonads). Cells produced are haploid

37
Q

Oogenesis

A

The process where mature eggs are produced in the ovaries. [refer to notes for diagram]

38
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

The production of sperm cells in the testes. [refer to notes for diagram]

39
Q

Random assortment

A

In metaphase 1 the chromosomes arrange into homologous pairs (across the cell’s equator) and depending on how they line up, a number of different combinations may be found in the gametes

40
Q

How can we calculate the need of chromosome combinations for any diploid (2n) organism?

A

We can’t use 2^n, where n is the number of pairs

41
Q

Largo types

A

A photograph of all the chromosomes of an individual. Useful for determine gender, diagnosing chromosome abnormalities which lead to health issues

42
Q

What are chromosome abnormalities? What are the 2 kinds of errors?

A

Abnormalities that occur with chromosomes during meiosis. Type 1) changes in chromosomal structure. Type 2) changes in chromosomal number

43
Q

Chromosomal structure changes

A

During crossing over, the chemical bonds that hold DNA together in the chromosome are broken, then reformed. Sometimes they don’t reform correctly! Also, sometimes non-homologous pairs cross over, producing chromosomes with genes not normally found in that chromosome.

44
Q

What are the 4 types of errors in chromosomal structure changes?

A

A) deletion - a chromosome is missing a piece of DNA
B) duplication - a chromosome has an extra piece of DNA
C) inversion - the piece of DNA gets flipped upside down
D) translocation - a chromosome shares a piece of DNA with a non-homologous pair

45
Q

Changes in chromosomal number. What is non-disjunction?

A

Sometimes homologous pairs of sister chromatids don’t separate properly. This is called non-disjunction and can occur in anaphase 1 or 2

46
Q

What are the 2 kinds of errors of changes in chromosomal number?

A

A) monosomy: missing 1 chromosome. Kurds when a single chromosome is in place of a homologous pair. Ex) in turned syndrome there is 1 X chromosome missing
B) trisomy: 1 extra chromosome. Occurs when there are 3 chromosomes in place of 1 homologous pair. Ex) in Down syndrome there is an extra chromosome #21

47
Q

What are the 4 non-disjunction disorders?

A 
Patau syndrome
Turner syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Down syndrome 
Edwards syndrome
48
Q

Patau syndrome

A

Chromosome #13 has 3 copies of genetic material. Causes cleft lip, extra fingers and toes

49
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A

Results in an extra copy of the X chromosome in each cell. Interferes with male sexual development and age delay for learning to walk

50
Q

Turner syndrome

A

The deletion of the second X chromosome. Causes short stature, puffy hands and feet, curvature of spine, overweight, lazy eye, etc.

51
Q

Down syndrome

A

When you have an extra chromosome #21. Causes extra space between big toe and 2nd toe, and hyper-flexibility

52
Q

Edwards syndrome

A

Extra copy of chromosome #18. Causes mental delay and smaller head

53
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

Taking one chromosome and putting it into a completely different cell. (From one species to another). Ex) GMO: genetically modified organism. Like strawberries

54
Q

Artificial insemination

A

Inserting sperm cells into the uterus of am the female organism to fertilize an egg. Used commonly in animal breeding and livestock

55
Q

In vitro fertilization

A

“Test-tube baby”. Manually combing sperm and egg in a lab dish and transferring the embryo to the uterus. Ex) dairy cows

56
Q

Cloning

A

Removing a mature somatic cell (such as a skin cell) from an animal they want to copy. Then they transfer the DNA of the donor into the egg cell (which has had its own nucleus containing DNA removed). Ex) people clone animals so farmers can raise them for human organ transplants

gr 11 Biology Unit 1 (2 decks)

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