Quiz 2 Flashcards
Frequency Claim
one variable
Association Claim
two variables that are related
Causal claim
two variables, one of which causes the author
Construct validity
How well the variables in a study are measured or manipulated, the extent to which the operational values in a study are a good approximation
External validity
The extent to which the results of a study generalize to some larger population
Statistical validity
The extent to which the data support the conclusions.
Internal validity
In a relationship between one variable (A) and another (B), the extent to which A, rather than some other variable (C), is responsible for changes in B
Levels of a variable
All variables must have at least 2 levels, each group (constant, measured, and manipulated variable) have levels within them
positive association
data shows positive correlation
negative association
data shows negative correlation
Strong correlation
closer to 1 or -1
Weak correlation
closer to 0
Type 1 error
Assuming that there is a relationship between two variables when there actually is not
Type 2 Error
Assuming that there is not a relationship between two variables when actually there is
Covariance
The study’s results show that as A changes, B changes. One of the three criteria for establishing causation between variable A and B
Temporal Precedence
The study’s method ensures that A comes first in time, before B. One of the three criteria for establishing causation between variable A and B
Internal Validity
The study’s method ensures that there are no plausible alternative explanations for the change in B; A is the only thing that changed. One of the three criteria for establishing causation between variable A and variable B
omission
withhold some details of study
commission
actively lie to participants
data fabrication
changing results to fit in order to model/hypothesis (research misconduct)
data falsification
researchers influence studies results unfairly (research misconduct)
plagiarism
research misconduct
replacement
researchers should find alternatives such as computer stimulations (3 Rs)
refinement
researchers should modify experimental procedures to minimize distress (3 Rs)
reduction
fewer animals needed the better
syphillis study unethical choices
men not treated respectfully, harmed by not being told about treatment and harmful “free treatments” for analysis, targeted specific disadvantaged group
milgram study
participants not informed of manipulation
