quiz 2 Flashcards
1
Q
describe airflow
A
- generated via lungs
- pressure sensitive consonants
- greatest on voiceless consonants via lack of impedance from vf vibration
- increased in press via articulators
2
Q
describe voice
A
- generated via vf vibration
- modified as travels via vt
- voiced consonants and vowels
3
Q
describe the resonance & airflow chart
A
- vf vibrations -> sound -> resonance -> vowels & cons
- open glottis -> airflow -> increased air press -> press cons
4
Q
describe normal resonance pt 1
A
- amplifies & dampens signals
- vowels -> resonance
- conso -> no res
- sonorants -> have resonance & anti-resonants
- can sing it? resonance
5
Q
describe the source filter theory
A
vocal cords -> source
vt = filter
enhancement of formant frequencies change sound qual = resonance
6
Q
describe regular resonance vs resonance for speech
A
- resonance -> system vibration, varying amplitude
- resonance 4 speech -> modified phoned sound, varying frequencies, articulators & cavities
7
Q
describe the container to formant ratio
A
- container 2 (oral cav) -> formant 2
container 1 (pharynx) -> formant 1
8
Q
what determines resonance for speech?
A
-velopharyngeal valve
- size n shape of resonating cavs (pharyn, oral, nasal)
9
Q
describe the Bernoulli principle
A
- increase of fluid velocity = decrease in pressure
10
Q
describe the size & shape of cavities
A
shorter/ smaller cavities -> higher formants
longer/larger cavities -> lower formants
11
Q
describe vowel production
A
- produce by oral cavity changes
- high vowels = more nasal
- high tongue position = increase in transpalatal transmiss & decrease in oral transmiss
12
Q
describe resonance disorders
A
- abnormal transmiss of sound energy
- via resonatory cavities
- 4 types
13
Q
describe hypernasality
A
- 2 much sound in nose during oral sounds
- abnormal coupling
- vowel heavy
- low volume via absorption in pharyn/nose
14
Q
describe severe hypernasality
A
voiced plosive -> nasalized -> become nasal cognates (m/b, n/d, ing/g)
15
Q
describe obligatory errors
A
- artic placement = normal
- distortion -> abnormal structure
- Tx -> correct surgery, no speech
i.e - hypernasal/VP insuffic
i.e - nasalized cons
16
Q
describe compensatory errors
A
- artic placement = abnormal
- TX -> correct structure + speech
i.e - substitution of /n/ for oral sound|leak in VP valve | inadequate airflow
17
Q
what causes hyper nasality ?
A
- VP opening
- thin velum via sub mucous cleft
- large oronasal (palatal) fistula
- Nasal artic on specific oral sounds via mislearning
18
Q
describe hyponasality & denasality
A
- reduction in nasal res on nasal sounds
- sounds “stuffed up”
- no nasal res during speech at all
i.e - nasal cons sound like oral cogs (m/b, n/d, ing/g OR stops)
19
Q
what causes hypo & denasality
A
- blockage in nose &/or pharynx
- allergic rhinitis, common cold, adenoid hypertrophy, shallow pharynx, hypertrophic tonsils
20
Q
what does hypo & denasality commonly occur with?
A
- cleft lip/palate
- deviated septum (unilateral cleft)
- Choanal stenosis or atresia
- stenotic naris
- maxillary retrusion
- overcorrection of VPI surgery
21
Q
describe cul-de-sac resonance
A
- sound blocked from exiting, cannot escape
- absorbed by soft tissues
- muffled, low vol
- “muppet voice”
22
Q
whats oral CDS Resonance ?
A
causes -> mumbling, microsomia = small mouth opening
23
Q
whats nasal CDS resonance ?
A
- VPI & anterior nasal blockage -> most noticeable
-common with cleft lip/palate + VPI + nares stenosis block
24
Q
whats pharyngeal CDS resonance ?
A
- sound in oropharynx
- palatal tonsils enlarged
25
What's mixed resonance ?
- hyper + hypo + cul-de-sac reson
- caused vis VPI + obstruction & apraxia
26
what causes resonance disorders ?
VP dysfunction -> hyper nasality &/or nasal air emission
obstruction -> hypon or CDS res
27
describe referrals for resonance disorders
hyper? cleft/craniofacial team, vp function specialist
hypo? ENT 4 upper airway
28
describe vp function during nasal breathing & speech production
velum comes down -> nasal
goes up -> oral
LPWs moves medially
29
describe the 4 types of vp dysfunction
dysfunction = general abnormal VP function
VPInsuff = structural defect
VPIncom = Neurophysiology defect
VPM = learning behavior
30
hyper nasality vs nasal emission?
- hyper = phoned sound in nose
- vowels, cons
- nasal emiss = leak in airflow into nasal cav
- pressure cons (voiceless)
both have incomplete vp valve closure
31
describe nasal emission
- airflow leak
via vp valve or fistula
- audible on plosives, fricatives, affricates
- most audible on voiceless sounds
- w/ or w/ out hypernas
* large opening = low velocity/pressure
*small opening = high v/p
32
describe inaudible nasal emission (large)
weak/omitted consonants
short utterance length
compensatory artic produc
nasal grimacing
- done 2 close vp valve
- mm contractions
33
describe audible nasal emission (medium)
greater resistance = audible friction
less hypernasality
inadequate airflow
34
describe nasal rustle/small opening/nasal turbulence
- bubbling sound
-airflow -> small opening -> high air pressure
- Nasal rustle (NR) -> inconsistent,
- increases w increase in rate of speech, utterance length, phonemic complexity, and fatigue.
- more audible w nasal congestion
35
describe phoneme-specific nasal emission (PSNE)
- AKA compensation
- placement -> altered, manner -> maintained.
- produced in pharynx
- pharyngeal fric or posterior nasal fricative is subed 4 an oral fricative (often /s/)
VPI comp errors
Glottal stops -> added /d/
Pharyngeal plosives -> /kha/
Glottal fricative -> (/h/)
Pharyngeal fricatives
Posterior nasal fricatives -> s = ck
Oronasal fistula error
- back of mouth
Palatal-dorsal production
"top" example
velar fricative
36
describe dysphonia
- breathiness, hoarseness, low intensity, and/or glottal fry during phonation
- clefts, craniofacial anomalies, or VPI = high risk
- Vocal nodules 2nd to hyperfunction in vt 2 achieve VP closure
- Congenital laryngeal anomalies
- Complications from long-term tracheostomy
- Breathiness as a compensatory strategy
37
what causes VPI ?
- History of cleft palate
- Submucous cleft palate (overt or occult)
- Deep pharynx
- Adenoid atrophy
- Irregular adenoids
- Hypertrophic in the nasopharynx
*20-30% affected w cleft after palatoplasty
38
sub mucous cleft may cause ?
Anterior orientation of the levator veli palatini muscles
Zona pellucida
Hypoplastic musculus uvulae muscles
Defect in the posterior border of the velum
39
what's deep pharynx?
Ppw lays on top of cervical spine
Cervical spine &/or cranial base anomalies = cause
Velum may be normal, but unable to reach the ppw bc of its depth
40
what's adenoid atrophy?
small gap /nasal emission
Adenoid atrophy begins around age 6, and escalates during puberty
Can increase the depth of the pharynx, causing gradual onset of VPI
Risk is mostly with a history of cleft or submucous cleft palate
41
what can interfere w complete closure of the velum?
tonsils
42
describe the surgeries that can cause VPInsuff
Adenoidectomy
- sudden increase in the nasopharyngeal dimension
- temporary, resolves w/in 6 weeks
- Permanent VPI is a risk w/ history of cleft or submucous cleft
- VPI post adenoidectomy cannot be corrected with speech therapy. Surgical intervention is required.
Le Fort I Maxillary Advancement
- Often done 4 patients w history of CLP 2 correct maxillary retrusion with midface deficiency
- Done surgically or through distraction
Nasopharyngeal Tumors
- Treatment of nasopharyngeal tumors
- Resection (surgical removal) of tumor
- Radiation therapy 2 shrink tumor
- Can cause increase in nasopharyngeal space & cause VPI
43
describe VPincomp causes
Cranial Nerve Damage
- Cranial nerve damage -> velopharyngeal paralysis or paresis (muscular weakness)
- Often unilateral, causing a unilateral VP opening
- Common w hemifacial microsomia
- Cortical damage can cause:
Hypotonia
- low muscle tonicity & reduced muscle strength
- velocardiofacial syndrome
Dysarthria
- Slow rate, Hypernasality, Weak or omitted cons, Poor breath support, Short utt length, Decre volume
Apraxia
- Inconsistent errors, Artic errors, Nasal/oral subs, Voiced/voiceless substi, Increase in errors (including hypernasality) + increase in utterance length & phonemic complexity
44
describe VPM causes
- articulation disorder via sub of a nasal or pharyngeal sound 4 an oral sound.
- Results in an open vp valve during prod of the sound, causing “phoneme-specific” hypernasality or nasal emission.
phoneme specific hyper nasality
- nasal sound = substituted 4 oral sound (e.g., ŋ/l or ŋ/r); or there's an opening only on the high vowel /i/.
