Quiz 2

Question 1

Motor Recovery

Answer 1

re-acquisition of movement skills lost through injury
the search for new solutions to specific tasks and environments given new constraints imposed by pathology

Question 2

Motor Learning

Answer 2

set of processes associated with practice/experience leading to relatively permanent changes in the capability for producing skilled action

Question 3

4 Concepts for Motor Learning

Answer 3

• Process of aquiring capability for skilled action
• Results from experience or practice
• Cannot be measured directly (inferred from behavior)
• Produces relatively permanent behavior change

Question 4

T or F: Motor Learning is only motor processes

Answer 4

False! Motor learning includes motor processes AND learning new sensing strategies which emerge from the individual, task, and environment

learning to pay attention to the right bodily sensations

Question 5

T or F: Both Motor Learning and Motor Recovery focus on how individuals solve functional tasks in specific environments

Answer 5

True!

Question 6

T or F: Changes in motor performance that result from practice reflect motor learning

Answer 6

False!

Question 7

Performance

Answer 7

temporary change in motor behavior seend during practice sessions

Question 8

A relatively permanent change in behavior that is retained following improved performance

Answer 8

Motor Learning

Question 9

T or F: We must observe changes in behavior to assume motor learning

Answer 9

True!

Question 10

Attention

Answer 10

cognitive process by which people dectect, select, sustain, or shift awareness among a myriad of relevant information and stimuli

Question 11

Internal Focus of Attention

Answer 11

Focus on the movement itself

ex: focusing on their feet when skateboarding

Question 12

External Focus of Attention

Answer 12

Focus on the movement outcomes

ex: focusing on the wheels located directly under your feet when skateboarding

Question 13

T or F: External focus enhances learning more than internal

Answer 13

True!

Question 14

Exogenous Attention

Answer 14

Externally Driven
Bottom-Up Control
Driven by a salient stimulus

ex: sounds or fast-moving colorful objects (doom scroll)

Question 15

Endogenous Attention

Answer 15

Internally Generated
Top-Down Control
Goal Oriented

ex: locking in to do my homework

Question 16

Would a gait training program in a clinic environment or community enviornment require more endogenous attention?

Answer 16

Community Environment

The environment is more complex and highly variable. The patient will have to process relevant information and filter out distracting stimuli and work more intentionally to remember the goal of their task.

Question 17

Basic Forms of Long-Term Memory

Answer 17

Declarative
Non-Declarative

Question 18

Nonassociative Learning

Answer 18

reflex pathways

Occurs when given a single stimulus repeatedly

Habituation and Sensitization

Question 19

Habituation

Answer 19

Nonassociative Learning

Decreased responsiveness due to repeated exposure to stimulus

ex: used to treat some dizziness and tactile defensiveness

Question 20

Sensitization

Answer 20

Nonassociative Learning

Increased responsiveness following a threatening or noxious stimuli

ex: if painful stimulus followed by light touch, may react more stronly than usual to light touch

Question 21

Associative Learning

Answer 21

Learning to predict relationships

Classical and Operant Conditioning

Question 22

Classical Conditioning

Answer 22

associative

relationship of one stimulus to another

ex: Pavlov’s Dogs

Question 23

Operant Conditioning

Answer 23

associative

Relationship of one’s behavior to a consequence (trial & error learning)

Law of Effect

ex: learning new limits of stability following a stroke

Question 24

Law of Effect

Answer 24

rewarded behaviors are repeated at the cost of others behaviors followed by an aversive stimuli are not usually repeated

Question 25

Procedural Learning

Answer 25

learning how to perform a task

tasks can be performed automatically with no attention or conscious thought

develops slowly via repetition in varying contexts

Non-declaritive

Question 26

Declarative Learning

Answer 26

Recalling Facts and Events

Useful for helping patients reacquire functional skills

Repetition can transform declarative into nondeclaritive

Question 27

Schmidt’s Schema Theory

Answer 27

Motor Programs contain generalized Rules for specific classes of movements

The generalized set of rules can be applied to a variety of contexts

Question 28

Schema

Answer 28

an abstract representation stored in memory follwing multiple presentations of a class of objects