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Motor Control and Motor Learning > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Motor Control

A

Ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement

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2
Q

Movment emerges from the interaction between what 3 factors?

A

Individual
Task
Environment

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3
Q

The Individual Factor of Movement has 3 subsets:

A

Action
Cognition
Perception

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4
Q

Describe Action (individual)

A

Neuromuscular and biomechanical systems

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5
Q

Describe Perception/Sensory (individual)

A

Integration and interpretation of sensory signals into meaningful information

  • information about the state of the body, relative features of the environment
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6
Q

Describe Cognition (individual)

A

Understanding the intentions or goals, having the cognitive processes involved for motor control/learning

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7
Q

What types of cognitive processes may be involved in the nature of movement?

A

Problem soliving
Judgement
Predicting upcoming forces/events
Short-term memory/Results of previous problem solving
Understanding the intentions of others
Attention
Planning
Motivation
Emotion

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8
Q

Describe the importance of knowing Task Constraints

A

Type of task being performed greatly impacts neural organization of the movement

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9
Q

What are the Classifications of Task Constraints

A

Discrete vs. Continuous vs. Sequential
Closed vs. Open
Stability vs. Mobility
Manipulation vs. Non-Manipulation

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10
Q

Discrete Task

A

recognizable beginning and end

ex: kicking a ball, moving from sitting to standing

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11
Q

Continuous Task

A

end point of task decided arbitrarily by performer

ex: walking

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12
Q

Sequential Tasks

A

Linkage of multiple discrete tasks
ex: preparing a meal

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13
Q

Closed Tasks

A

performed in relatively fixed or predictable environments

ex: walking inside of the clinic

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14
Q

Open Tasks

A

performer is required to adapt movement to a changing and unpredicatable environment

ex: walking on a busy sidewalk, playing soccer

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15
Q

Stability Task

A

non-moving base of support

ex: sitting or standing

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16
Q

Mobility Task

A

moving base of support

ex: walking or running

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17
Q

Manipulation Tasks

A

involve movement of the upper extremities/ reguire manipulation of an object

ex: kicking a ball, picking up a pen

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18
Q

Non-Manipulation Tasks

A

not utilizing an object that needs to be manipulated

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19
Q

Describe the importance of considering task attributes on a continuum

A

Taxonomy of Tasks can be identified and the level of difficulty or challenge can be understood in order to be adapted

ex: a closed stability task is standing on a non-moving surface and a open stability task is standing on a foam pad

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20
Q

What are the Environmental Constraints?

A

Regulatory vs. Non-Regulatory

Environmental Constraints can help or hinder performance and features of the environment must be understood to know how they will affect

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21
Q

Regulatory (environmental)

A

Movement must conform to features of the environment to acheive task goal

ex: stair height

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22
Q

Non-Regulatory (environment)

A

May affect performance, but movement does NOT have to conform to features

ex: background noise, carpet pattern, etc.

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23
Q

Taxonomy

A

a strategy of comparing movement tasks on a continuum

24
Q

Definition of a Theory of Motor Control

A

A group of abstract ideas about the control of movement

25
Q

Definition of Theory

A

a set of interconnected statements that describe unobservable structures/processes and relate them to each other

26
Q

Blueprint Analogy

A

Theory Gives Meaning to Facts
but
Facts have different meanings based on their relative importance in different thories

27
Q

Reflex Theory

A

Integrative Power of CNS due to reflexes coordinating activities of organs
Reflexes are the basic functional unit of complex behaviors
Response to one stimulus acts as stimulus for the next

28
Q

Limitations to Reflex Theory

A

Doesn’t Account For:
-Voluntary Movement
-Movement w/out sensory input
-Fast movements too rapid for sensory feedback
-Same stimulus giving different responses
-New/novel movements

29
Q

Clinical Implication of Reflex Theory

A

Testing reflex strategies helps us predict function
Movement behavior can be interpreted by presence/absence of reflexes

30
Q

Hierarchical Theory

A

High=Association Areas ; Middle=Motor Cortex ; Low= Spinal
Each level controls the level below it (no bottom-up)
NS= discrete organs with single function, somatotopic representation
Higher centers inhibit lower reflex centers Unless cortical damage

31
Q

Neuromaturational Theory of Development

A

Reflex/Hierarchical Theories
Neonatal reflexes in set progression = neural age
Increased Corticalization of CNS means higher levels of control over lower level reflexes
Primary driver of motor development

32
Q

Limitations of Hierarchical Theory

A

Can’t explain dominant reflexes intact in adults (bottom-up LEGO step reaction)
Lower reflexes are not always primitive and higher behaviors not always mature

33
Q

Clinical Implications Hierarchical Theory

A

Abnormal reflex organization implicates disorder in motor cortex

34
Q

Motor Programming Theory/Central Pattern Generator

A

Movement patterns occur in absence of stimulus or reflex
Sensory input NOT essential, but helps modulate
Spinally mediated motor programs
Neural connections are hardwired and produce stereotyped behaviors
Variability is an Error

35
Q

Generalized Motor Program Theory

A

Motor control happens in absence of feedback (ballistic movement control) and with generation of new movements
Many different movements performed with same motor program/ abstract representation
Creating of novel movements with new specified parameters

36
Q

Limitations of Motor Programming Theories

A

CPGs: don’t replace importance of sensory input
Can’t be sole determinant of action (identical commands produce different actions)
System must deal with musculoskeletal and environmental variables

37
Q

Clinical Implications of Motor Programming Theories

A

Help the patient re-learn the rules for actions and movements essential to a functional task

38
Q

Systems Theory

A

Body viewed as a mechanical system w/ mass & ext/int forces acting on it
Same central command results in different movements depending on starting position
Mechanical system has many degrees of freedom that MUST be controlled/ need to master redundant degrees

Higher levels take advantage of functional capabilities of lower levels and reduce involvement of higher levels
Tonus=Spinal Cord ; Synergies= Mid Brain ; Action = Frontal Cortex

39
Q

Synergies

A

Solve the degree of freedom problem
Groups of muscles that are constrained to act together as a unit

40
Q

Dynamic Systems Theory

A

Mathematical, non-linear description of self-organization, individual parts and systems interact to produce motor control

Less emphasis on CNS commands: control is distributed at same levels (no higher/lower control)

Seeks physical/mechanical explanations of movement characteristics
Variability inherent to a non-linear system = Flexible/Adaptable
Attractor States*

41
Q

Non-Linear Properties

A

dynamic systems
Output not proportional to input
Transforms into new configuration when control parameter of behavior is gradually altered and reaches a critical value (walking–> trotting —> galloping when velocity increases)

42
Q

Attractor States

A

Highly Stable, Preferred Patterns of Movement with small amounts of variability
Energetically Efficient

43
Q

Attractor Well

A

Amount of flexibility to change a preferred movement pattern
Shallow Well: unstable, easier to change, high variability
Deep Well: stable, harder to change, low variability

44
Q

What theory is best at predicting actual behavior?

A

Systems Theory - considers gravity and inertia

45
Q

Limitations to Systems Theory

A

Lack of consensus on terminology/definitions
Difficult to translate clinically

46
Q

Clinical Implications of Systems Theory

A

Output of nervous system is filtered through mechanical system w/ interacting impairments
Movement is an emergent property
Variability is Normal

47
Q

Ecological Theory

A

Motor system’s interaction with environment to acheive task goals
Detect and use enviornmental info to control movements (perception gives rise to action)
Motor development is driven by interaction between environmental affordances and human motivation and perception

48
Q

Affordance

A

Possibility of an action in environment
What the environment can offer
Depends on fit between body capabilities and physical properties of the environment

49
Q

Limitations of Ecological Theory

A

Less emphasis/insight on nervous system function/disease or health status/organization

50
Q

Clinical Implications of Ecological Theory

A

Individual is an active explorer of task
Can acheive task in multiple ways given a set of limitations
Control and Manipulate Environment to elicit desired task outcome

51
Q

Integrated Approach

A

Combines elements from all theories
Within the Individual, movement results form dynamic interplay between Perception, Cognition, and Action

52
Q

Neuro-Facilitation Approaches

A

Facilitation Techniques: increase patient’s ability to move in “appropriate” ways
Inhibition Techniques: decrease patient’s use of “abnormal” movement patterns

Based on Reflex-Hierarchical Theory: higher centers must regain control over lower centers

Assumes repetition of normal movement patterns will automatically transfer to functional tasks

53
Q

Clinical Implications of Neuro-Facillitation Approaches

A

Identify presence/absence of reflexes controlling movement
Modify CNS through stimulation
Help patient regain normal movement patterns for functional recovery

54
Q

Task-Oriented Approach

A

Based on Systems Theory
Normal movement is interaction among different systems, goal constrained by environment
Abnormal movement from impairments in 1+ systems and remaining systems compensate

55
Q

Clinical Implications of Task-Oriented Approach

A

Work on identifiable functional tasks rather than movement patterns
Patients actively attempt to solve problems
Focus on adapting to changes in environment

Motor Control and Motor Learning (2 decks)

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