Quiz 2 Flashcards

Question

Amblyopia

Answer 1

unilateral in which a “healthy” eye is turned off or ignored by the brain -Treated with glasses, patching, or eye drops to blur the vision of the better seeing eye encouraging the brain to use and develop vision in the amblyopic eye

Answer 2

-Esotropia: cross- eyed, eyes turn in -Exotropia: cross -eyed , eyes turn out Hyper-deviation: vertical misalignment of eyes common with CP surgery can be done to adjust Eye patching before age 6: 2hrs a day for 3-6 months

Answer 3

first appears as a white spot in the pupils or both eyes. If untreated, it will cause amblyopia If cataract is larger than 3mm then surgery is required Better outcomes in infants if surgery is done before 6 weeks of age

Answer 4

small thin optic nerve transmits impaired information to the brain resulting in decreased vision -uncorrectable with glasses. Often associated with other developmental disabilities

Answer 5

most common cause of retinal damage in infants. -Important to treat these infants to preserve their visual function. -Results from vascular damage to the retina

Answer 6

-decreased visual response due to a neurological problem affecting the visual part of the brain -Children with CVI present with visual attention deficits that range from mild to severe -Parents notice that their infant responds to light and dark but may not look directly at parents’ face -Child is able to track somewhat but appears to look over items not at them -These children can see better peripherally if the object or they are moving

Answer 7

Visual acuity of 20/200 or worse in the better eye with correction

Answer 8

dysfunction in outer or middle ear

Answer 9

dysfunction caused by damage in inner ear or auditory nerve

Answer 10

Vestibular: info about body movement and head position through inner ear; tells us the type of movement happening (fast vs. slow) helps coordinate movement of eyes, had, & body; affects balance, muscle tone, arousal, emotional state, auditory skills, bilateral integration Proprioceptive: info about what body is doing where body parts are in space; affects how much force we put into movement, walk without looking at their feet Interoception: internal organs; the sense that helps you understand the "internal state" of your body ex. hunger, heartbeat, mood, arousal Dysfunction in this system: Person cannot identify whether they are hungry, full, hot, cold, thirsty

Answer 11

a state in which brain appropriately organizes & processes incoming sensory information to organize successful and goal-oriented action on the environment

Answer 12

-Hippocampus: is involved in the formation of new memories and is also associated with learning and emotions – Amygdala- Shown to play a key role in the processing of emotions ■ Rage, aggression, flight/fright, hormone, sexual behaviors – Septum- has been implicated as a vital part of the circuitry for decision making and reward-related behavior. – PreFrontal cortex- with connections to both the “emotional” limbic system and the “cognitive” prefrontal cortex. ... These actions are taken as part of maladaptive approaches to control, avoid, or regulate painful emotions – Cingulate gyrus- the curved fold covering the corpus callosum. A component of the limbic system, it is involved in processing emotions and behavior regulation. It also helps to regulate autonomic motor function. Other regions to consider: ■Parietal cortex: sensory integration, object manipulations, processing of touch sensation ■ Temporal Lobe: vision, memory, sensory input, language, emotion, and comprehension

Answer 13

Level- 4 Academic Readiness (6 years old) Level- 3 Perceptual-Motor (3 years old) Level- 2 Foundation of Perceptual Motor (6-24 months) Level - 1 Primary Sensory System (2 months old)

Answer 14

1. Sensory reactivity 2. Sensory discrimination/perception 3. Vestibular-bilateral function 4. Praxis

Answer 15

– High neuro threshold + active self reg strategy – Enjoys and generates extra sensory input) Adding spice to already seasoned food

Answer 16

– High neuro threshold + passive self-reg strategy – Notices sensory stimuli much less than others, doesn't’t get the jokes as quick

Answer 17

– Low neuro threshold + active self-reg strategy – Bothered by input more than others, only will eat familiar foods

Answer 18

– Low neuro threshold + passive self reg strategy – Detects more input than others. Eg. Child is afraid of heights & experiencing discomfort

Answer 19

the process that represents to the nervous system that something familiar has occurred

Answer 20

– The nervous systems mechanism that enhances potentially important stimuli – detects harm or danger in a situation

Answer 21

1. SMD- Sensory Modulation Disorder 2. SDD- Sensory Discrimination Disorder 3. SBMD- Sensory Based Motor Disorder

Answer 22

* Sensory hypereactivity (sensory defensiveness) * Sensory over-responsiveness (Aggression, Impulsivity, Irritability) * Sensory registration/hypoactivity (doesn't cry when injured, quiet, withdrawn, unaware of body sensations) * Over-Reactiveness (food textures, fragrance, grass/sand, fingernails cut, background noise) * sensory seeking (on the move, bumping into things, fixates on objects)

Answer 23

– Difficulty following directions and gets easily lost – Aversion to puzzles or other visual games – Frustration when unable to differentiate visual or auditory signals – A need for directions to be repeated Treatment – Improve relationship between child’s body and people and space – Improve motor planning and organization of behavior – Increase somatosensory input while child is navigating 3-D space – Increase ability to discriminate force

Answer 24

– Difficulty learning new motor skills – Often trips or bumps into people or things – Is clumsy awkward or accident prone – Struggles with multiple step directions – Poor ball handling skills – Difficulty performing self-care tasks Treatment – Novel activities – Games that involve specific directions of body parts in space – Goal of treatment is to have the child independently plan and execute projected action sequences

Answer 25

Purpose: change sensory thresholds ■ Deep pressure strokes down arms, legs, back, (palms of hands & bottom of feet – based on clinical judgment). About 2 minutes ■ Joint compression in this order – arms, legs, back ■ Gentle traction to fingers and toes ■ Every 2 hours ■ Good to do before transitions Contraindications: ■ Do not brush babies younger than 4 months ■ Do not brush on rashes, eczema ■ Dermatographia – skin shows large reddened areas when exposed to abrasions

Answer 26

facilitation of typical motor patterns is combined with simultaneous inhibition of atypical movements

Answer 27

Treatment should not follow typical developmental sequence regardless of age and physical condition of child – whatever function child requires most urgently is priority of established treatment goals

Answer 28

components representing major constraints on movement and posture

Answer 29

challenges in function that arise "secondarily" from atypical interaction between neuromuscular system and structural/functional changes in musculoskeletal system

Answer 30

contractures, deformities, log rolling, bunny hopping

Answer 31

posterior pelvic tilt, anterior pelvic tilt, asymmetrical posture, narrow or widened base of support

Answer 32

antigravity movements, limbs feel heavy on PROM, presence of involuntary movements or fluctuations in muscle activation, increased degree of tension in muscles, resistance to PROM

Answer 33

excessive stiffness in trunk, excessive flopiness in trunk when attempting to sustain posture against gravity

Answer 34

narrow or widened base of support, use of compensatory patterns

Answer 35

– Evaluation of oral-motor and feeding skills – Gross and fine motor skills – Sensory issues – Social–emotional factors – Cognitive skills

Answer 36

-If the therapist prepares the client’s muscle length and joint ROM with various forms of handling, potential to increase muscle activation is facilitated. -If the therapist provides handling to promote weight shifts and transitional movements, alignment and dissociation of joint segments are supported as the child moves in and out of positions with proper alignment.

Answer 37

Resistance to stretch, stiffness in muscles * Velocity dependent * Often associated with clonus + extensor plantar response, persistent primitive reflexes * When you move the child: you feel a “catch” in ROM * Impacts force of movement and movement regulation

Answer 38

Excessive abnormal movements with movement initiation Athetoid: fluctuation in muscle tone Slow writhing, involuntary movements combined with abrupt/jerky movements Choreoathetoid: * random & constant fluctuations from low-high tone (usually more proximal) * Sustained twisted posture absent at rest, triggered by action Dystonic: more predictable postures at stereotyped movements

Answer 39

* Poor balance & coordination * Children may show shifts in muscle tone with quad distribution * More success in directing voluntary movement * May have tremors * Great difficulty with balance, coordination, maintaining head, trunk and shoulder alignment

Answer 40

* Muscle weakness/hypotonicity * Muscle tightness/hypertonicity * Spasticity * Involuntary movement * Weakness of eye muscles * Abnormal tone in facial muscles * Impaired sensation in impacted limbs * Possible seizure disorder

Answer 41

* Joint contractures * Unsteady gait * Impaired visual processing, hearing, speech * Difficulty with bladder/bowel control * Breathing problems due t posture/weakness * Skin integrity/pressure sores * Difficulty feeding/swallowing

Answer 42

Least Severe * Can walk indoors and outdoors and climb stairs without using hands for support * Can perform usual activities such as running and jumping * Has decreased speed, balance and coordination

Answer 43

* Can climb stairs with a railing * Has difficulty with uneven surfaces, inclines or in crowds * Has only minimal ability to run or jump

Answer 44

* Walks with assistive mobility devices indoors and outdoors on level surfaces * May be able to climb stairs using a railing * May propel a manual wheelchair and need assistance for long distances or uneven surfaces

Answer 45

* Walking ability severely limited even with assistive devices * Uses wheelchairs most of the time and may propel own power wheelchair * Standing transfers, with or without assistance

Answer 46

Most Severe * Has physical impairments that restrict voluntary control of movement * Ability to maintain head and neck position against gravity restricted * Impaired in all areas of motor function * Cannot sit or stand independently, even with adaptive equipment * Cannot independently walk but may be able to use powered mobility

Answer 47

-A longitudinal study designed to chart the gross motor progress children with cerebral palsy -The 5 OMG curves represent the expected patterns of motor development and function of children with CP based on current and available treatment.