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Law and Research > quiz 2 > Flashcards

quiz 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Types of validity : face

A

makes sense according to a lay person

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2
Q

Types of validity : content

A

makes sense according to an expert

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3
Q

Types of validity : predictive

A

properly measure an outcome

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4
Q

Types of validity : concurrent

A

results are the same as other similar outcomes

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5
Q

Types of validity : discriminant

A

scores are high and low as expected

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6
Q

Types of validity : construct

A

measures what it is supposed to

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7
Q

Types of research validity : external

A

can the findings be generalized to a larger group than the one in the study

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8
Q

Types of research validity : internal

A

the extent to which the observed results represent the truth in the population we are studying

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9
Q

Types of research validity : statistical

A

is the statistical analysis properly chosen and used

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10
Q

anatomy of an article: 6 sections

aimrdr

A
  1. abstract
  2. introduction
  3. methods
  4. results
  5. discussion/conclusion
  6. references
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11
Q

what is selection bias

A

which articles you select to include in your review

which subjects are selected to participate in study

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12
Q

what is publication bias

A

studies w positive results are more likely to get published

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13
Q

hawthorne effect

A

acting differently bc you know u are being watched

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14
Q

recall bias

A

issue w retrospective studies: people may not recall things accurately

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15
Q

MEAN = what

A

what we know as the average

add them all and divide by the number of items

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16
Q

mode = what

A

the number that appears the most

more useful for categorical data

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17
Q

what is a correlational study

A

population survey

uses existing data

looks for statistical association between an exposure and an outcome

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18
Q

what is study heterogeneity

A

studies in a lit review are too different to be compared

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19
Q

what is a null hypothesis

A

the idea that your hypothesis will not work

suggests there is no difference between study groups

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20
Q

what are some descriptive study designs

A

CASE STUDY - simplest form of descriptive study - one client only

CASE SERIES - group of similar clients - reports trends

CORRELATIONAL STUDY - population survey - uses existing data

QUALITATIVE STUDY - does not include quantitative statistics or analysis

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21
Q

what are the 2 explanatory studies

A

experimental
observational / analytical

they establish the relationship between two variables

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22
Q

experimental

A

evaluates efficacy

researchers has an active role in the intervention

relationship between exposure and outcome

ethical considerations as researcher is controlling the environments

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23
Q

observational

A

seeks to establish cause, factors and predictors

the investigator observes what is happening

relationship between exposure and outcome

less ethical consideration as exposures and outcomes happen naturally

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24
Q

experimental explanatory studies

before and after tx design

(a practical way to conduct research in your own clinic)

A

involves pre determined hypothesis
eligibility criteria
methods
baseline data
treatment
outcome

more rigorous form of case series

often no control group

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25
Q

experimental explanatory studies

clinical trial

A

intervention study
randomized trial
randomized controlled trial

best design for establishing a cause and effect relationship

randomization and inclusion of a control reduces the rick of bias

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26
Q

explanatory: observational studies

CROSS SECTIONAL

A

data is simultaneously collected across a population at a particular point in time

provides a snapshot of a situation

different groups of subjects are compared at the same time

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27
Q

explanatory: observational studies

CASE CONTROL

A

“retrospective study”

exposure and outcome have already occurred

people w the outcome are identified and then compared w people who did not have the outcome

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28
Q

explanatory: observational studies

COHORT

A

longitudinal or prospective studies

outcome has not yet occurred

people are grouped bases on whether they are exposed or not, and then followed to see if they experience the outcome

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29
Q

literature review study design

A

summarize the existing evidence on a topic

a question is posed

guidelines are set for which types of research will be included in the review

the research is analyzed to see how strong it is

this is important because if a result is repeated over and over, it is more likely to be true - this is called REPRODUCIBILITY

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30
Q

types of literature reviews (3)

A
  1. narrative review - examines a group of studies
  2. meta analysis - group of studies that fit into a set of pre selected criteria
  3. systematic review
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31
Q

what do lit reviews summarize

A

EXISTING EVIDENCE

32
Q

what is a more in depth search for articles considered

A

systematic review

more refined version of a meta analysis

33
Q

what does p score tell you

A

the odds of getting a particular result

based on # of participants in a study

if p score is small enough then we conclude that the outcome is not random

less than 0.05 is key

34
Q

what is a false positive

A

when the null hypothesis is falsely rejected (alpha)

35
Q

what is a false negative

A

when the null hypothesis is falsely accepted (beta)

means missing out on a real effect or difference b/c your test results mistakenly suggest there isn’t one

“concluding there is no effect when there actually is one”

36
Q

levels of evidence

A

systematic review

critically appraised topics (evidence synthesis and guidelines)

critically appraised individual articles (synopsis)

randomized controlled trials

cohort studies

case controlled studies - case series/reports

background information/expert opinion

37
Q

what is external validity

A

can the findings be generalized to a larger group than the one in the study

38
Q

what is internal validity

A

the extent to which the observed results represent the truth in the population we are studying

39
Q

the sum of all probabilities always adds up to

A

1 or 100%

40
Q

what is complement in probability

A

the chances a thing will NOT happen

41
Q

p-value table P>0.10 means what (TOP OF CHART)

A

no evidence against the null hypothesis

data appears consistent w null hypothesis

42
Q

p-value table 0.05 < P <0.10 =

A

weak evidence

43
Q

0.01<P<0.05 =

A

moderate evidence

44
Q

0.001<P<0.01 =

A

strong evidence

45
Q

P<0.001 =

A

very strong evidence

46
Q

variable types: nominal

A

category

can be dichotomous - yes or no

or can have more categories

47
Q

variable types: ordinal

A

ranked order
but distance is not equal between variables

(frequency)

48
Q

variable types: interval

A

numbers, ranked w equal intervals

rating scales

49
Q

variable types: ratio

A

numbers are ranked, equal intervals, zero point is meaningful

50
Q

descriptive statistics

A

summarize large group of numbers

measures of central tendency
mean, median, mode

51
Q

descriptive statistics - normal distribution

A

bell curve

the mean is 0
standard deviation is 1
scores occur 50/50 on each side of mean
mean, median and mode are =

52
Q

what are inferential statistics

A

used to make an inference about a population by measuring a part of the population

used for estimates and hypothesis testing

53
Q

what is confidence interval

A

using the margin of error

54
Q

what is a researchers job

A

to disprove a null hypothesis

NOT PROVE

55
Q

correlation does not =

A

causation

56
Q

when the null hypothesis is rejected then we know that

A

H0 - H1

57
Q

what does the effect size tell us

A

tells us HOW wrong the null hypothesis is

really important in massage therapy

58
Q

formula for effect size

A

mean treatment -mean control
OVER
standard deviation

59
Q

what is odds ratio

A

one way of calculating an effect size

what are the odds that the outcome will happen if there is an exposure

you need
1. two dichotomous variables
2. assumption of a casual relationship

60
Q

what is statistical power

A

likelihood that a significance test will find

related to sample size

larger effect = needs smaller sample size

61
Q

what is the threshold for power calculation

A

80%

62
Q

what does power =

A

1-beta

63
Q

when are parametric tests used

A

when you have interval or ratio variables (numbers)

64
Q

when are non parametric tests used

A

for nominal or ordinal variables categories)

65
Q

what are 4 things to look for in clinical research

A

number needed to treat

sensitivity

specificity

minimal clinically important difference

66
Q

what is validity

A

the extent to which the results are accurately measured

67
Q

threats to validity - external

A

lack of randomization, lack of control

68
Q

threats to validity - internal

A

confounds, bias, history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, regression, selection, mortality

69
Q

threats to validity - statistical

A

sample size (power)
lack of standardization

70
Q

types of reliability

inter-rater

A

do different raters get the same results

71
Q

types of reliability

intra-rater

A

does the same rater consistently get the same result

72
Q

types of reliability

test-retest

A

is the same result repeated, time and time again

73
Q

what is reliability

A

the extent to which the outcomes are consistent when the experiment is repeated more than oncewh

74
Q

what is validity

A

the extent to which the instruments that are used in the experiment measure exactly what you want them to measure

75
Q

reliability vs validity

A

reliability= outcomes are consistent when repeated

validity = measure exactly what you want them to measure

Law and Research (4 decks)

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