quiz 2 Flashcards
Types of validity : face
makes sense according to a lay person
Types of validity : content
makes sense according to an expert
Types of validity : predictive
properly measure an outcome
Types of validity : concurrent
results are the same as other similar outcomes
Types of validity : discriminant
scores are high and low as expected
Types of validity : construct
measures what it is supposed to
Types of research validity : external
can the findings be generalized to a larger group than the one in the study
Types of research validity : internal
the extent to which the observed results represent the truth in the population we are studying
Types of research validity : statistical
is the statistical analysis properly chosen and used
anatomy of an article: 6 sections
aimrdr
- abstract
- introduction
- methods
- results
- discussion/conclusion
- references
what is selection bias
which articles you select to include in your review
which subjects are selected to participate in study
what is publication bias
studies w positive results are more likely to get published
hawthorne effect
acting differently bc you know u are being watched
recall bias
issue w retrospective studies: people may not recall things accurately
MEAN = what
what we know as the average
add them all and divide by the number of items
mode = what
the number that appears the most
more useful for categorical data
what is a correlational study
population survey
uses existing data
looks for statistical association between an exposure and an outcome
what is study heterogeneity
studies in a lit review are too different to be compared
what is a null hypothesis
the idea that your hypothesis will not work
suggests there is no difference between study groups
what are some descriptive study designs
CASE STUDY - simplest form of descriptive study - one client only
CASE SERIES - group of similar clients - reports trends
CORRELATIONAL STUDY - population survey - uses existing data
QUALITATIVE STUDY - does not include quantitative statistics or analysis
what are the 2 explanatory studies
experimental
observational / analytical
they establish the relationship between two variables
experimental
evaluates efficacy
researchers has an active role in the intervention
relationship between exposure and outcome
ethical considerations as researcher is controlling the environments
observational
seeks to establish cause, factors and predictors
the investigator observes what is happening
relationship between exposure and outcome
less ethical consideration as exposures and outcomes happen naturally
experimental explanatory studies
before and after tx design
(a practical way to conduct research in your own clinic)
involves pre determined hypothesis
eligibility criteria
methods
baseline data
treatment
outcome
more rigorous form of case series
often no control group
experimental explanatory studies
clinical trial
intervention study
randomized trial
randomized controlled trial
best design for establishing a cause and effect relationship
randomization and inclusion of a control reduces the rick of bias
explanatory: observational studies
CROSS SECTIONAL
data is simultaneously collected across a population at a particular point in time
provides a snapshot of a situation
different groups of subjects are compared at the same time
explanatory: observational studies
CASE CONTROL
“retrospective study”
exposure and outcome have already occurred
people w the outcome are identified and then compared w people who did not have the outcome
explanatory: observational studies
COHORT
longitudinal or prospective studies
outcome has not yet occurred
people are grouped bases on whether they are exposed or not, and then followed to see if they experience the outcome
literature review study design
summarize the existing evidence on a topic
a question is posed
guidelines are set for which types of research will be included in the review
the research is analyzed to see how strong it is
this is important because if a result is repeated over and over, it is more likely to be true - this is called REPRODUCIBILITY
types of literature reviews (3)
- narrative review - examines a group of studies
- meta analysis - group of studies that fit into a set of pre selected criteria
- systematic review