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Biomaterials > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

In Vitro

A

in a test tube, culture dish, or elsewhere outside a living organism

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2
Q

In Silico

A

by means of computer modeling or computer simulation

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3
Q

In Vivo

A

In a living Organism

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4
Q

Ex Vivo

A

In an artificial environment outside a living organism

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5
Q

Biocompatibility

A

the ability of a material or substance to perform its intended function within a specific biological system without causing harm or adverse effects to living tissues or organisms

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6
Q

classes of Biomaterials

A

Metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, natural materials

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7
Q

ISO 10993

A

standards for evaluating the biocompatibility of medical devices to manage biological risk

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8
Q

Toxicology

A

the scientific study of adverse effects of substances on living organisms

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9
Q

In Vitro accessing of Biocompatibility

A

materials compatibility with specific cell lines and does not involve immunological components similar to the body

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10
Q

cytotoxicity

A

to cause toxic effects on the cellular level

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11
Q

Leachability

A

analysis of extracts

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12
Q

Hemocompatibility

A

Blood-materials/leachates interactions
-Clotting
-absorption
platelet assay

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13
Q

Agar Diffusion Test Assay

A

test the cytotoxicity of biomaterial-generated leachable chemicals to diffuse from biomaterials. cells then are evaluated to determine the toxicity of the material: the zone of cell destruction is measured and scored 0-4

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14
Q

MEM Elution

A

material is extracted from mammalian cell culture media and placed in contact with a monolayer of cells and then allowed to grow in extraction fluid and then evaluated for qualitative or quantitative methods

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15
Q

MTT Assay

A

colorimetric assay for assessing cell metabolic activity based on reducing MTT by dehydrogenase to form water-insoluble formazan

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16
Q

Sensitization, Irritation, Intradermal Reactivity

A

reversible=irritant
irreversible=corrosive

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17
Q

systemic Toxicity

A

Adverse effects occurring from single or multiple doses

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18
Q

Genotoxicity

A

only performed if DNA mutations have been observed during in vitro testing

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19
Q

Implantation

A

Investigation into how the local tissue/organ responds to the biomaterial

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20
Q

Hemocompatibility

A

Blood compatibility testing

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21
Q

Carcinogenicity

A

chemical-induced cancer

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22
Q

Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity

A

chemically induced adverse effects on sexual function, fertility, and/or normal offspring development

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23
Q

Biodegradation

A

how does the material degrade in vivo, where do those pieces go, and how does the body respond

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24
Q

Immune response

A

Does the body recognize as “not self”? = We will discuss this further later this semester

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25
Q

Histology and histochemistry

A

relative numbers of various cell types and the amount of ECM components around the implant

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26
Q

Immunohistochemistry

A

Membrane, intracellular and extracellular molecules

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27
Q

Transmission and scanning electron microscopy

A

analysis of cells at the interface and morphology

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28
Q

biochemistry

A

inflammatory mediators

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29
Q

mechanical testing

A

mechanical strength

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30
Q

overview of Immunology

A

-Innate Immune System
-Complement System
-Specific Immune System

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31
Q

First Line of Defence

A

-Physical
-Chemical
-Biological

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32
Q

Physical Barrier

A

-skin
-nasal hair
-Eyelashes & eyelids
-mucous membranes
-Mucociliary Clearance
-Urination

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33
Q

Chemical Barrier

A

-Low pH
-Antimicrobial molecules
Ex. Sebum in skin, mucous, beta-defensins in epithelial cell, pepsin in gastric mucosal defence

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34
Q

Biological Barrier

A

Microbiome

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35
Q

Initial immune response-macrophage

A

recognize pathogen and then activate the innate system

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36
Q

Initial immune response dendritic cells

A

Pick up antigens, track down T & B cells, and activate specific system

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37
Q

Initial immune response activates the complement system

A

lectin pathway and alternative pathway

38
Q

Phagocytosis

A

1.) entrapment
2.) Formation of a phagosome
3.) Degradation
4.) Exocytosis

39
Q

Inflammation

A

vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, mast cell degranulation, clotting system, kinin system

40
Q

Acute Phase Response-Interleukin 1

A

-fever
-decrease appetite
-lethargy

41
Q

Acute Phase Response-Interleukin 6

A

acute phase proteins(opsonins)

42
Q

Acute Phase Response-Interleukin 8

A

recruits and activates neutrophils

43
Q

Acute Phase Response-Interleukin 2 and 12

A

activates natural killer cells

44
Q

Opsonins

A

any substance that enhances phagocytosis
-attaches to pathogens, help neutrophils and macrophages

45
Q

C-reactive protein-opsonin(inflammation marker)

A

-produced by liver
-response to IL-6
-measure serum level
-Marker of inflammation/infection severity

46
Q

Complement System

A

results in: opsonins, inflammation, destroys pathogens
triggers: lectin pathway, alternative pathway(directly by pathogens) and classical pathway(antibody-antigen complexes)

47
Q

lymph node

A

“army barracks”
“waiting for enemy”

48
Q

Plasma cells

A

B cells differentiated to antibody-producing cells

49
Q

antibodies structure

A

-fixed region stem recognized by cells of the immune system, and variable region y matches different antigens

50
Q

antibodies function

A

-attach to toxins(neutralise them)
-attach to receptors(preventing viral infection)
-agglutination
-opsonins

51
Q

hemocompatibility

A

the ability to come into contact with blood without causing adverse reactions

52
Q

ISO 10993-4

A

Hemocompatibility in vitro analysis for clinical application

53
Q

blood components

A

55% plasma, 44% erythrocytes, and 1% leukocytes

54
Q

Erythrocytes

A

the most rigid cells in the blood, they are sensitive to rupture and hemolysis due to shear stress and changes in osmotic pressure

55
Q

Blood Platelets

A

are the smallest and the second most abundant cell type in the blood with 1.5-3.5 x10^5 cells/microliters, which can rapidly recognize foreign surfaces and initiate blood coagulation

56
Q

immune cells

A

(abundant neutrophils, monocytes) belonging to the innate immune system can be rapidly activated upon recognition of a foreign invade such as a pathogen or foreign material

57
Q

categories of devices contacting blood

A

-Externally communicating devices with indirect blood contact
-externally communicating devices with direct blood contact
-implant devices

58
Q

hemocompatibility test components

A

-static and dynamic models
-hemolysis, cell counts, platelets activation, leukocytes, coagulation, complement system
-attachment, absorption of proteins, and generation of thrombus and fibrin

59
Q

evaluation steps for hemocompatibility

A
  1. blood collection and anticoagulation
  2. analysis of blood before incubation with the test material
  3. transfer of blood into a static, agitated or dynamic test model
  4. incubation at 37 dC
  5. analysis of blood and the surface of the material
60
Q

analysis of hemocompatibility

A

-changes of platelets, erythrocytes, and leukocytes
-generation of activation products in plasma
-deposition of proteins and cells on the material surface
-blood and the surface of biomaterials are analyzed before and after the incubation

61
Q

hemocompatibility tests

A

-determination of blood cell numbers and hemolysis
-coagulation activation
-activation of the complement system
-activation of leukocytes
-analysis of biomaterial surfaces

62
Q

determination of blood cell numbers and hemolysis

A

the number of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets is measured before and after the incubation of blood with biomaterial using a hematology analyzer(electrical impedance, coulter principle). decrease of platelet count ->thrombogenic material

63
Q

hemolysis

A

the rupture of erythrocytes, accompanied by the release of hemoglobin
-detected by using a photometric colorimetric test

64
Q

Coagulation Activation

A

the interaction of plasma proteins with artificial surfaces triggers the intrinsic coagulation pathway by contact activation

65
Q

Activation of Complement system

A

-classical, alternative, and mannose binding lectin
-plasma proteins can bind to material surfaces. Binding of IgG and C3 lead to activation, which promotes inflammation

66
Q

platelet activation

A

plasma proteins absorb to the biomaterial surface. Fibrinogen, VWF, fibronectin, and vitonectin induce adhesion of the platelets which releases substances and activates other platelets

67
Q

platelet activation detection

A

determined according to ISO 10993-4 by measuring
-released contents from alpha granules
-detection of P-selectin
-activated GPIIb/IIIa platelet receptor using flow cytometry

68
Q

Activation of Leukocytes

A

evaluates the induced inflammatory response
-neutrophil extracellular traps release the nuclear material in the form of a meshwork of chromatin by activated neutrophils

69
Q

CD11b

A

marker of leukocyte activation

70
Q

high regenerative capacity

A

epithelial, lymphoid, hematopoietic, mesenchymal tissues, high vascularization

71
Q

Low regenerative capacity

A

Nerve, muscle, cartilage

72
Q

Necrosis

A

death by extrinsic means

73
Q

apoptosis

A

death by suicide

74
Q

Atrophy

A

decrease in cell size and/or function

75
Q

Hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size

76
Q

Hyperplasia

A

increase in cell number

77
Q

metaplasia

A

change in cell type

78
Q

tissue injury responses

A

-necrosis, apoptosis, atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, change in phenotype

79
Q

wound healing model

A

-Homeostasis(hours)
- inflammation(days)
-Proliferation(weeks)
-Remodeling(months/years)

80
Q

CHronic wound

A

elevated repsonse: matrix mettaloprotease production, infection/biofilm, fibroblast senescence, inflammation
Inhibition: ecm & fibroblast production, collagen fibres production
stalled: epithelialization, angiogensis

81
Q

Immune cells after injury

A

Neutrophils(hours)
Mononscytes and macrophages(1-3 days)
T cells(1-2 weeks)

82
Q

after device implantation

A

injury(BV damage), acute inflammation(leukocytes), chronic inflammation(moncytes and macrophages), granulation tissue(fibroblasts and cap), foreign body reaction(macrophages and FBGC), fibrous encapsulation(Fibrous capsule)

83
Q

Acute Inflammation

A

immediate response to injury
-deposition of fluids and plasma, inflitration of neutrophils and moncytes

84
Q

chronic inflammation

A

-monmuclear cells, BV proliferation

85
Q

diapedesis

A

transendothelial migration
“squeezing through endothelium”

86
Q

neutrophils roles

A

-protein absorption
-release enzymes
-phagocytosis
-respiratory burst
-cytokine secretion

87
Q

Mast Cells

A

similar to basophils
communication Immune repsonse to inflammatory response
-release histamine

88
Q

reduce acute inflamation

A

-surface modification
-Nano-patterning
-modification of surface charge
-use of hydrogels and hydrogel coating
-controlled release of agonists

89
Q

Macrophages produce

A

proteases, chemotaxis factors, reactive oxygen metabolites, complement components, coagulation factors, growth-promoting factors, cytokines

90
Q
A

Biomaterials (2 decks)

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