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Biomaterials > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

In Vitro

A

in a test tube, culture dish, or elsewhere outside a living organism

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2
Q

In Silico

A

by means of computer modeling or computer simulation

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3
Q

In Vivo

A

In a living Organism

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4
Q

Ex Vivo

A

In an artificial environment outside a living organism

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5
Q

Biocompatibility

A

the ability of a material or substance to perform its intended function within a specific biological system without causing harm or adverse effects to living tissues or organisms

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6
Q

classes of Biomaterials

A

Metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, natural materials

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7
Q

ISO 10993

A

standards for evaluating the biocompatibility of medical devices to manage biological risk

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8
Q

Toxicology

A

the scientific study of adverse effects of substances on living organisms

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9
Q

In Vitro accessing of Biocompatibility

A

materials compatibility with specific cell lines and does not involve immunological components similar to the body

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10
Q

cytotoxicity

A

to cause toxic effects on the cellular level

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11
Q

Leachability

A

analysis of extracts

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12
Q

Hemocompatibility

A

Blood-materials/leachates interactions
-Clotting
-absorption
platelet assay

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13
Q

Agar Diffusion Test Assay

A

test the cytotoxicity of biomaterial-generated leachable chemicals to diffuse from biomaterials. cells then are evaluated to determine the toxicity of the material: the zone of cell destruction is measured and scored 0-4

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14
Q

MEM Elution

A

material is extracted from mammalian cell culture media and placed in contact with a monolayer of cells and then allowed to grow in extraction fluid and then evaluated for qualitative or quantitative methods

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15
Q

MTT Assay

A

colorimetric assay for assessing cell metabolic activity based on reducing MTT by dehydrogenase to form water-insoluble formazan

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16
Q

Sensitization, Irritation, Intradermal Reactivity

A

reversible=irritant
irreversible=corrosive

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17
Q

systemic Toxicity

A

Adverse effects occurring from single or multiple doses

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18
Q

Genotoxicity

A

only performed if DNA mutations have been observed during in vitro testing

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19
Q

Implantation

A

Investigation into how the local tissue/organ responds to the biomaterial

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20
Q

Hemocompatibility

A

Blood compatibility testing

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21
Q

Carcinogenicity

A

chemical-induced cancer

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22
Q

Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity

A

chemically induced adverse effects on sexual function, fertility, and/or normal offspring development

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23
Q

Biodegradation

A

how does the material degrade in vivo, where do those pieces go, and how does the body respond

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24
Q

Immune response

A

Does the body recognize as “not self”? = We will discuss this further later this semester

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25
Histology and histochemistry
relative numbers of various cell types and the amount of ECM components around the implant
26
Immunohistochemistry
Membrane, intracellular and extracellular molecules
27
Transmission and scanning electron microscopy
analysis of cells at the interface and morphology
28
biochemistry
inflammatory mediators
29
mechanical testing
mechanical strength
30
overview of Immunology
-Innate Immune System -Complement System -Specific Immune System
31
First Line of Defence
-Physical -Chemical -Biological
32
Physical Barrier
-skin -nasal hair -Eyelashes & eyelids -mucous membranes -Mucociliary Clearance -Urination
33
Chemical Barrier
-Low pH -Antimicrobial molecules Ex. Sebum in skin, mucous, beta-defensins in epithelial cell, pepsin in gastric mucosal defence
34
Biological Barrier
Microbiome
35
Initial immune response-macrophage
recognize pathogen and then activate the innate system
36
Initial immune response dendritic cells
Pick up antigens, track down T & B cells, and activate specific system
37
Initial immune response activates the complement system
lectin pathway and alternative pathway
38
Phagocytosis
1.) entrapment 2.) Formation of a phagosome 3.) Degradation 4.) Exocytosis
39
Inflammation
vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, mast cell degranulation, clotting system, kinin system
40
Acute Phase Response-Interleukin 1
-fever -decrease appetite -lethargy
41
Acute Phase Response-Interleukin 6
acute phase proteins(opsonins)
42
Acute Phase Response-Interleukin 8
recruits and activates neutrophils
43
Acute Phase Response-Interleukin 2 and 12
activates natural killer cells
44
Opsonins
any substance that enhances phagocytosis -attaches to pathogens, help neutrophils and macrophages
45
C-reactive protein-opsonin(inflammation marker)
-produced by liver -response to IL-6 -measure serum level -Marker of inflammation/infection severity
46
Complement System
results in: opsonins, inflammation, destroys pathogens triggers: lectin pathway, alternative pathway(directly by pathogens) and classical pathway(antibody-antigen complexes)
47
lymph node
"army barracks" "waiting for enemy"
48
Plasma cells
B cells differentiated to antibody-producing cells
49
antibodies structure
-fixed region stem recognized by cells of the immune system, and variable region y matches different antigens
50
antibodies function
-attach to toxins(neutralise them) -attach to receptors(preventing viral infection) -agglutination -opsonins
51
hemocompatibility
the ability to come into contact with blood without causing adverse reactions
52
ISO 10993-4
Hemocompatibility in vitro analysis for clinical application
53
blood components
55% plasma, 44% erythrocytes, and 1% leukocytes
54
Erythrocytes
the most rigid cells in the blood, they are sensitive to rupture and hemolysis due to shear stress and changes in osmotic pressure
55
Blood Platelets
are the smallest and the second most abundant cell type in the blood with 1.5-3.5 x10^5 cells/microliters, which can rapidly recognize foreign surfaces and initiate blood coagulation
56
immune cells
(abundant neutrophils, monocytes) belonging to the innate immune system can be rapidly activated upon recognition of a foreign invade such as a pathogen or foreign material
57
categories of devices contacting blood
-Externally communicating devices with indirect blood contact -externally communicating devices with direct blood contact -implant devices
58
hemocompatibility test components
-static and dynamic models -hemolysis, cell counts, platelets activation, leukocytes, coagulation, complement system -attachment, absorption of proteins, and generation of thrombus and fibrin
59
evaluation steps for hemocompatibility
1. blood collection and anticoagulation 2. analysis of blood before incubation with the test material 3. transfer of blood into a static, agitated or dynamic test model 4. incubation at 37 dC 5. analysis of blood and the surface of the material
60
analysis of hemocompatibility
-changes of platelets, erythrocytes, and leukocytes -generation of activation products in plasma -deposition of proteins and cells on the material surface -blood and the surface of biomaterials are analyzed before and after the incubation
61
hemocompatibility tests
-determination of blood cell numbers and hemolysis -coagulation activation -activation of the complement system -activation of leukocytes -analysis of biomaterial surfaces
62
determination of blood cell numbers and hemolysis
the number of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets is measured before and after the incubation of blood with biomaterial using a hematology analyzer(electrical impedance, coulter principle). decrease of platelet count ->thrombogenic material
63
hemolysis
the rupture of erythrocytes, accompanied by the release of hemoglobin -detected by using a photometric colorimetric test
64
Coagulation Activation
the interaction of plasma proteins with artificial surfaces triggers the intrinsic coagulation pathway by contact activation
65
Activation of Complement system
-classical, alternative, and mannose binding lectin -plasma proteins can bind to material surfaces. Binding of IgG and C3 lead to activation, which promotes inflammation
66
platelet activation
plasma proteins absorb to the biomaterial surface. Fibrinogen, VWF, fibronectin, and vitonectin induce adhesion of the platelets which releases substances and activates other platelets
67
platelet activation detection
determined according to ISO 10993-4 by measuring -released contents from alpha granules -detection of P-selectin -activated GPIIb/IIIa platelet receptor using flow cytometry
68
Activation of Leukocytes
evaluates the induced inflammatory response -neutrophil extracellular traps release the nuclear material in the form of a meshwork of chromatin by activated neutrophils
69
CD11b
marker of leukocyte activation
70
high regenerative capacity
epithelial, lymphoid, hematopoietic, mesenchymal tissues, high vascularization
71
Low regenerative capacity
Nerve, muscle, cartilage
72
Necrosis
death by extrinsic means
73
apoptosis
death by suicide
74
Atrophy
decrease in cell size and/or function
75
Hypertrophy
increase in cell size
76
Hyperplasia
increase in cell number
77
metaplasia
change in cell type
78
tissue injury responses
-necrosis, apoptosis, atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, change in phenotype
79
wound healing model
-Homeostasis(hours) - inflammation(days) -Proliferation(weeks) -Remodeling(months/years)
80
CHronic wound
elevated repsonse: matrix mettaloprotease production, infection/biofilm, fibroblast senescence, inflammation Inhibition: ecm & fibroblast production, collagen fibres production stalled: epithelialization, angiogensis
81
Immune cells after injury
Neutrophils(hours) Mononscytes and macrophages(1-3 days) T cells(1-2 weeks)
82
after device implantation
injury(BV damage), acute inflammation(leukocytes), chronic inflammation(moncytes and macrophages), granulation tissue(fibroblasts and cap), foreign body reaction(macrophages and FBGC), fibrous encapsulation(Fibrous capsule)
83
Acute Inflammation
immediate response to injury -deposition of fluids and plasma, inflitration of neutrophils and moncytes
84
chronic inflammation
-monmuclear cells, BV proliferation
85
diapedesis
transendothelial migration "squeezing through endothelium"
86
neutrophils roles
-protein absorption -release enzymes -phagocytosis -respiratory burst -cytokine secretion
87
Mast Cells
similar to basophils communication Immune repsonse to inflammatory response -release histamine
88
reduce acute inflamation
-surface modification -Nano-patterning -modification of surface charge -use of hydrogels and hydrogel coating -controlled release of agonists
89
Macrophages produce
proteases, chemotaxis factors, reactive oxygen metabolites, complement components, coagulation factors, growth-promoting factors, cytokines
90

Biomaterials (2 decks)

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