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Clinical Imaging > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a fracture

A

A break in the structural continuity of bone or cartilage

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2
Q

The 2 types of fractures

defintions

A

Closed and Open

C: skin and soft tissues overlying the fracture are intact
O: skin is perforated regardless of wound size

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3
Q

Radiologic descriptions of fractures (7)

A
  1. anatomical size and extent of fx
  2. type
  3. alignment
  4. direction
  5. special fx feature
  6. abnormalities
  7. abnormal stresses of pathological processes
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4
Q

Extra vs Intra articular

A

E: the fracture line does not extend into the joint
I: the fracture line does extend into the joint

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5
Q

Complete fx

Incomplete fx

A

All cortices of the bone have been disrupted and now there are at least 2 fragments

Only one side of the bone is broken and the other remains intact or is just bent slightly

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6
Q

Displacement of fx fragment

types of displacement

A

when position is lost (a loss of apposition or contact btw broken fragment surfaces)

medial, lateral, superior, inferior, oblique

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7
Q

Nondisplaced fx

A

some amount of contact remaining btw fx fragments

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8
Q

What can cause displacement of a fx

A

distractionoverriding, rotation of fx fragments

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9
Q

For alignment what axis do you look on

A

Longitudinal

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10
Q

Line directions of fx

characteristics

which one is most common in children

A

transverse - result of bending force
longitudinal - approx. parallel to bone shaft
oblique - diagonally oriented
spiral - torsional force causing fx spiral around the long axis

spiral

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11
Q

If there are more than 2 fragments in a fx it is called

A

comminuted fx

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12
Q

Fx with special features that is due to compression forces w/ axial loading

the 2 forms of it

A

impaction

depression - surface of 1 bone driven into surface of another
compression - both bone surfaces are forced together (of similar size)

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13
Q

Subluxation is mostly common at

Sublux and dislocation is the most common injury associated with

A

joints

fx

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13
Q

Fx with special features: what is avulsion

where does this usually occur

A

fragments are pulled away from the main body of bone

bony prominences

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14
Q

When there is still some contact with joint surfaces

When there is no joint surface contact

A

subluxation

dislocation

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15
Q

Where the new growth plate goes

A

metaphysis

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16
Q

Impaction fx that results in buckling of the cortex

A

torus fx

17
Q

diaphysis fx
metaphyseal fx
physeal fx
epiphyseal fx

A

central shaft
expanding end
epiphyseal plate
epiphysis

18
Q

Salter Harris classification stands for

A

Straight across
Above
Lower
Through
ERasure of growth plate (rammed)

19
Q

Fx healing phases for adults

for kids

remodeling phase for kids depends on

A

Inflammatory (10%), Reparative (40%) - soft/hard callus, Remodeling (60-70%)

Inflammatory, Reparative - soft/hard callus, Remodeling - skeletal age (measure of skeletal maturity)

skeletal maturity

20
Q

fx reduction

closed vs open

fx fixation

external vs internal

A

restoration of displaced fragments to normal anatomic positions

C: fragments physically guide back into position via manipulation and/or traction
O: surgery necessary to achieve best anatomical alignment

method of maintain fx fragments in postition after reduction to achieve healing

E: casts, splints used to maintain closed reductions
I: devices, and/or bone grafts used surgically to stabilize the fx

20
Q

Epiphseal fx - Salter Harris classification system

Type 1 - 5 characteristics

A

1: fast healing, rarely needs surgery
2: fast healing, most common type (more in boys, increases incidence in teens)
3: requires ORIF
4: requires ORIF
5: has the most impact on growth rate potential, possible permanent growth arrest

21
Q

Fx that takes the longest to heal

Fx that takes the shortest to heal

A

scaphoid

middle phalanx and toes

22
Q

Computed tomography is the same as?

What does it use?

What are the components?

A

Conventional radiography

Motorized X-ray source that rotates around the pt

X-ray tube, beam, detector, and motorized table

23
Q

How is an axial image viewed?

How is the radio density?

A

Transverse slice, viewed as if pt is in supine and viewer is looking up feet to head while facing pt

Same as X-rays, dense = white, less dense structures = dark

24
Q

Contrast resolution?

Spatial resolution? What is it determined by?

A

Demonstrates small changes in tissue contrast

Ability to distinguish 2 neighboring structures as separated, detectors must be able to identify a gap between them. The # of pixels used to construct a digital image

25
Q

Clinical uses of CT

How is it compared to MRI (cost and time)

Limitations

A

Subtle and complex fx, evaluating degeneration changes, spinal stenosis

Less expensive and time consuming

High radiation exposure and may miss different tissues

26
Q

ACR Appropriateness Criteria function

Purpose

A

Facilities appropriate imaging decisions for specific clinical conditions

Helps provide enhance quality of care and efficacious use of radiology

27
Q

For CT scans slices are digitally stacked and the _____ the slice the better the resolution

A

thinner

28
Q

What is an MRI

A

a cross sectional imaging technology that uses a magnetic field and radiofrequency signals to cause hydrogen nuclei to emit signals converted to images by a computer

29
Q

The 3 elements of the MRI scanner

A

gradient coils
radiofrequency coils
computer

30
Q

What position is the patient in for an MRI

How does an MRI work

A

supine, cannot be done sitting or standing

the magnetic field in the scanner causes hydrogen nuclei in water molecules to align to the magnetic field

31
Q

Compare and contrast T1 vs T2 weighted images for

what it highlights
is the realignment fast or slow (timing of radio frequency pulse sequences)

A

T1 - images highlight fat tissues within the body, fast realignment
FAT is bright, nonfat is dark
T2 - images highlight fat and water tissues within the body, slower realignment
FAT and WATER both bright

32
Q

Advantages of MRI (2)

Disadvantages (2)

A

no ionizing radiation
great for soft tissue detail

high cost
excess time to produce an image

33
Q

common complications seen on an MRI

A

hand and wrist: ligament and tendon tears
hip: synovitis
knee: meniscal and ligament injuries (diagnosed with an accuracy of 95%)
ankle and foot: lesions of the tendon and chronic ankle stability

34
Q

Contraindications/ Precautions (3)

Variations of MRIs (5)

A

cardiac pacemaker
large area tattoos (iron content)
metal foreign objects in eyes or other areas

MRI with contrast
FLAIR (fluid attenuation inversion recovery)
MRA (magnetic resonance angiography)
MR arthrography
MR myelography

35
Q

How does MRI with contrast work

What is used to evaluate

A

uses a contrast medium, usually gadolinium, which is injected intravenously to improve resolution of the tissues

blood vessels, tumors, inflammation etc

36
Q

Processing technique that can attenuate some signals (such as CSF)

What is this used for?

A

FLAIR

evaluation of infarctions, MS, and head injuries

37
Q

A general technique based on MRI imagine to visualize blood vessels (most commonly arteries)

What can it visualize?

A

MRA

vessels of the neck, brain etc

38
Q

Type of MRI commonly used to visualize glenohumeral and hip joints for labral or ligament tears

What is injected

A

MR Arthrography

gadolinium into the joint

39
Q

MR Myelography

What is this often used to detect

A

noninvasive technique that does not require contrast injected into the subarachnoid space

spinal stenosis

Clinical Imaging (2 decks)

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