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psyc 1010 > quiz 2 > Flashcards

quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is classical conditioning?

A

a neutral stimulus results in a response after it is paired with an unconditioned stimulus that would naturally result in that response

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2
Q

what is a neutral stimulus?

A

a stimulus that does not naturally result in the desired response before conditioning

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3
Q

what is an unconditioned stimulus?

A

a stimulus that naturally results in a particular response without having been learned

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4
Q

what is an unconditioned response?

A

a response that is natural

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5
Q

what is a conditioned stimulus?

A

a stimuli that results in a particular response after being conditioned

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6
Q

what is a conditioned response?

A

a response that happens after being conditioned

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7
Q

what is extinction?

A

when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears

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8
Q

what is spontaneous recovery?

A

when the previously conditioned response doesn’t completely disappear

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9
Q

what is stimulus generalization?

A

when stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus produce the same response

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10
Q

what is stimulus discrimination?

A

when one stimulus evokes a conditioned response but another stimulus (that is distinct from the first one) does not

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11
Q

what is learned taste aversion?

A

people develop food aversions to food that are followed by nausea or illness

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12
Q

what is operant conditioning?

A

learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened

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13
Q

what is shaping?

A

the process of teaching a complex behaviour by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behaviour

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14
Q

what is positive reinforcement?

A

a stimulus added to the environment that results in an increase in a behaviour

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15
Q

what is a negative reinforcement?

A

an (unpleasant) stimulus removed from the environmentincreases chances the behaviour will be repeated

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16
Q

what is a positive punishment?

A

introducing an unpleasant stimulus that decreases the frequency of a certain behaviour

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17
Q

what is a negative punishment?

A

removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease the frequency of a behaviour

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18
Q

what is a primary reinforcer?

A

reinforcers that satisfy biological needs and work naturally

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19
Q

what is a secondary reinforcer?

A

stimuli that become reinforcing because of its association with a primary reinforcer

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20
Q

what is stimulus control training?

A

where a behaviour is reinforced in the presence of a specific stimulus, but not in its absence

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21
Q

what are the schedules of reinforcement?

A
  • fixed-ratio & variable-ratio schedules
  • fixed-interval & variable-ratio schedules
  • continuous reinforcement
  • partial reinforcement
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22
Q

what is a fixed-ratio schedule?

A

a schedule by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made

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23
Q

what is a variable-ratio schedule?

A

a schedule by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses

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24
Q

what is a fixed-interval schedule?

A

a schedule that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time has elapsed

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25
Q

what is a variable-interval schedule?

A

a schedule by which the time between reinforcements varies

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26
Q

what is continuous reinforcement?

A

reinforcing a behaviour each time it occurs

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27
Q

what is partial reinforcement?

A

reinforcing a behaviour some (but not all) of the time

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28
Q

what is the influence of reinforcement schedules on responding?

A
  • variable-ratio schedules produce a high rate of response and is more resistant to extinction than fixed-ratio schedules
  • variable-interval schedules produce steady rates of responding amd take longer to extinguish after reinforcement ends
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29
Q

what is the risk of using physical punishment?

A

it conveys the idea that physical aggression is acceptable or desirable

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30
Q

what is cognitive learning?

A

focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning

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31
Q

what is latent learning?

A

a new behaviour being acquired but not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it

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32
Q

what is observational learning?

A

observing the behaviour of another person, or model (and learning from it)

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33
Q

what is the relationship between violent media consumption and real world aggression?

A

experiencing high levels of media violence makes viewers more susceptible to behaving aggressively

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34
Q

what is encoding?

A

the initial process of recording information in a form usable to memory

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35
Q

what is storage?

A

the maintenance of material saved in memory

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36
Q

what is retrieval?

A

the process of material in memory storage being located and brought to awareness

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37
Q

what is sensory memory?

A

the initial, momentary storage of information, lasting only an instant

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38
Q

what is short-term memory?

A

memory that holds information for 15 to 25 seconds

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39
Q

what is working memory?

A

the memory system that holds information for a short time while actively rehearsing that information

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40
Q

what is long-term memory?

A

memory that stores information on a relatively permanent basis

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41
Q

what is the levels of processing theory?

A

the degree to which new material is mentally analyzed

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42
Q

what is the difference between superficial processing and deep processing?

A

superficial is processed in terms of its physical and sensory aspects while deep is info analyzed in terms of its meaning

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43
Q

what is the impact of levels of processing on memory?

A

the greater the intensity, the more likely we are to remember it

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44
Q

what is rehearsal?

A

the repetition of information that has entered short-term memory

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45
Q

what is rehearsal maintenance?

A

simply repeating the stimuli exactly word for word (or number for number, sound for sound, etc.)

46
Q

what is elaborative rehearsal?

A

when info is considered and organized in some fashion

47
Q

what is chunking?

A

grouping of stimuli that can be stored as a unit in short-term memory

48
Q

what is the serial position effect?

A

the ability to recall info in a list depends on where in the list the info appears

49
Q

what is the primacy effect?

A

the items listed earlier in a list are remembered better

50
Q

what is the recency effect?

A

the items listed later in a list being remembered better

51
Q

what is declarative memory?

A

factual information: names, faces, dates, etc.

52
Q

what is non-declarative memory?

A

skills and habits, such as riding a bike or hitting a baseball (also called procedural memory)

53
Q

what is implicit memory?

A

memories of which people are not consciously aware but that can affect subsequent performance and behaviour

54
Q

what is explicit memory?

A

intentional or conscious recollection of information

55
Q

what is semantic memory?

A

general knowledge and facts about the world, as well as memory for the rules of logic that are used to deduce other facts

56
Q

what is episodic memory?

A

events that occur in a particular time, place, or context

57
Q

how do indigenous traditions relate to memory?

A

stories are re-enacted rather than simply told, resulting in memories being stored in episodic rather than semantic memory

58
Q

what is a flashbulb memory?

A

centered on a specific, important, or surprising event that are so vivid it is as if they represented a snapshot of the event

59
Q

what is procedural memory?

A

skills and habits, such as riding a bike or hitting a baseball

60
Q

how do the hippocampus and consolidation relate?

A

aids in the initial encoding of info

61
Q

what is the role of the amygdala?

A

involved in memories involving emotion

62
Q

what is long-term potentiation?

A

certain neural pathways become excited when a new response is learned, while changes occur in the number of synapses as the dendrites branch out to receive messages

63
Q

what are memory traces?

A

where we can find areas where memory might be in the brain

64
Q

what is the role of sleep in memory?

A

non-REM brainwaves transport memory packets from the hippocampus to the cortex

65
Q

what are retrieval cues?

A

any stimulus that allows us to recall more easily information that is already in long-term memory

66
Q

what are mnemonics?

A

formal techniques for organizing information in a way that makes it more likely to be remembered

67
Q

what is priming?

A

when exposure to a word or concept makes it easier to recall related info later

68
Q

why do we forget?

A

frees up space and failure of encoding

69
Q

what is ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve?

A

forgetting is extremely rapid immediately after the original learning, then levels off

70
Q

what is decay?

A

when we lose information because we don’t use it

71
Q

what is proactive interference?

A

when info learned earlier disrupts the recall of newer material

72
Q

what is retroactive interference?

A

when there is difficulty in the recall of info learned earlier because of later exposure to different material

73
Q

what is retrograde amnesia?

A

memory is lost for occurrences prior to a certain event

74
Q

what is anterograde amnesia?

A

memory is lost for events that follow a certain event

75
Q

what are errors in eyewitness testimony?

A

the wording of questions posed to them by police officers or lawyers can affect the way they recall information

76
Q

what are prototypes?

A

highly representative examples of a concept

77
Q

what are concepts?

A

mental groupings of similar objects, events, people, which allows us to organize complex phenomena into simpler, easily usable, cognitive categories

78
Q

what is means-ends?

A

is repeatedly testing for differences between current state and goal state

79
Q

what is a heuristic?

A

strategies that might lead to a solution, but can also lead to errors

80
Q

what are algorithms?

A

strategies that guarantee a solution

81
Q

what is a transformation problem?

A

requires you to carry out a specific sequence of transformations to reach the goal

82
Q

what is an inducing structure problem?

A

requires you to discover trends or relationships among numbers, symbols, ideas, etc.

83
Q

what is an arrangement problem?

A

requires you to rearrange the parts of a problem to meet a specific criterion

84
Q

what is irrelevant information?

A

when we incorrectly assume all the info provided is correct

85
Q

what is a mental set?

A

when we are stuck in a specific way of problem-solving, which prevents the ability to generate new strategies

86
Q

what is functional fixedness?

A

the tendency to perceive an item only in its most common use

87
Q

what is the availability heuristic?

A

judging the probability of an event by how easily the event can be recalled from memory

88
Q

what is the representativeness heuristic?

A

when we judge people by the degree which they represent a certain category/group of people

89
Q

what is divergent thinking?

A

the ability to generate unusual, yet appropriate responses

90
Q

what is the relationship between divergent thinking and creativity?

A

creativity and intelligence are not closely related

91
Q

how does the framing of a problem change our approach to solving it?

A

wording an answer in a certain way will make someone more likely to choose one over the other

92
Q

what is grammar?

A

a system of rules that determine how our thoughts can be expressed

93
Q

what are phonemes?

A

the smallest units of speech

94
Q

what is syntax?

A

rules that indicate how words and phrases can be combined to make sentences

95
Q

what are semantics?

A

rules governing the meaning of words and sentences

96
Q

at what age do children begin to babble?

A

6-18 months

97
Q

what is the age at which children use telegraphic speech?

A

2 years

98
Q

what are overgeneralization errors?

A

when children apply language rules even when the application results in an error

99
Q

what does the phrase ‘comprehension precedes production’ mean?

A

children do not attain a full vocab and the ability to comprehend and use subtle grammatical rules until after age 5

100
Q

what is the nativist theory?

A

all humans are born with an innate linguistic capability, and we possess a language-acquisition device, which gives us strategies and techniques for learning our native language

101
Q

what is the learning theory?

A

language follows principles of reinforcement and conditioning

102
Q

what is the interactionist theory?

A

language development is produced through a combination of genetics and environmental circumstances

103
Q

what are the advantages of bilingualism?

A

total vocabulary is similar to monolingual children, and more cognitive flexibility and analytical reasoning

104
Q

what does dr. bialystok say about bilingualism?

A
  • higher levels of controlled processing
  • cognitive control to juggle two languages relatively easy
  • delayed onset of dementia by 4 years
105
Q

what is the g/g-factor?

A

the single factor for mental ability, and underlies intelligence

106
Q

what is the triarchic model?

A

3 levels of intelligence: analytical, practical, creative

107
Q

what is the theory of multiple intelligences?

A

there are 8 types of independent intelligences: logical-mathematical, linguistic, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist

108
Q

what is emotional intelligence?

A

a set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression and regulation of emotions

109
Q

what are achievement tests?

A

designed to determine a person’s level of knowledge in a specific area

110
Q

what are aptitude tests?

A

designed to predict a person’s ability in a specific area

111
Q

are there group differences in intelligence?

A

members of certain racial/ethnic groups score lower on intelligence tests, as well as women, but that does not necessarily mean they are less intelligent

112
Q

what is the range of reaction theory of intelligence?

A

every individual responds to the environment in a unique way, based on their genetic makeup

psyc 1010 (2 decks)

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