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quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are axons

A

axons carry messages for other neurons

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2
Q

what are dendrites

A

dendrites receive messages from other neurons

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3
Q

what are glial cells

A

glial cells act as support as well as provide nourishment, insulate and help repair damage

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4
Q

what is myelination

A

myelination is the process in which neurons are insulated, occurring during major periods of development and corresponds with language development

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5
Q

what are synapses

A

synapses are the spaces between two neurons where an active axon communicates with an active dendrite using chemical messages

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6
Q

what are synaptic vesicles

A

synaptic vesicles travel down the axon until they burst, and contain neurotransmitters

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7
Q

what is resting potential

A

the state in which the neuron has a negative charge

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8
Q

what is action potential

A

an electric nerve impulse that travels through a neuron’s axon when it is set off by a trigger

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9
Q

what are neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that carry messages across the synapse to the dendrite of a receiver neuron

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10
Q

what are some of the methods of measuring brain activity

A
  • MRIs take images from multiple angles from pulses from a large electromagnet to detect various substances
  • fMRI’s can be used to track blood flow in the brain as blood flow can be associated with brain activity
  • PET scans show biochemical activity in the brain at any given moment, and can be used to pick up on memory problems and brain tumours
  • TMS scans expose a tiny region of the brain to a strong magnetic field which causes a temporary pause in electrical activity, and has the potential to treat psychological disorders such as depression and schizophrenia
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11
Q

what are the different lobes of the brain and what are they responsible for

A
  • the frontal lobe is responsible for voluntary movement
  • the parietal love is responsible for the aility to perceive touch and pressure
  • the temporal lobe is responsible for hearing
  • the occiptal lobe is responsible for vision
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12
Q

what are some consequences for each lobe if they were to be damaged

A

frontal lobe: speech may become extremly difficult to complete
parietal lobe: ability to feel pain or pressure may be affected
temporal lobe: understanding others’ speech and production of language may be affected
occiptal lobe: seeing and processing images may become difficult

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13
Q

what are the two central nervous systems and what do they consist of

A

the central nervous system is composed of the brain and the spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system consists of all parts of the nervous system that are not the brain or spinal cord

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14
Q

what are the functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

A
  • the sympathetic system is responsible for preparing the body in stressful, emergency situations
  • the parasympathetic system is responsible for calming the body down after the emergency situation that activated the sympathetic system
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15
Q

what are split brain patients

A

people who have had their corpus callosum surgically cut to stop seizures

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16
Q

what is neuroplasticity

A

the brain’s ability to rewire itself

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17
Q

what is the limbic system

A

controls eating, aggression and reproduction, and includes the hippocampus and amygdala

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18
Q

what are hormones

A

hormones are chemicals that circulate through the blood and regulate the functioning and growth of the body

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19
Q

how do hormones differ from neurotransmitters

A
  • neurons take seconds to reach their destination, while hormones may take minutes
  • neurons move in specific lines, while hormones travel through the body
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20
Q

what is structuralism

A

uncovering the fundamental mental components of consciousness, thinking, and other kinds of mental states and activities

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21
Q

what is functionalism

A

concentrates on what the mind did, rather than what the mind is

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21
Q

what are the 5 major perspectives in psychology and what are they about

A
  • neuroscience views behaviour from the perspective of biological functioning
  • psychodynamic believes behaviour is motivated by unconscious forces over which an individual has little control
  • behavioural focuses on observable behaviour
  • cognitive examines how people view and think about the world
  • humanistic believes that people can control their behaviour and that they naturally try to fulfill their full potential
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22
Q

what is scientific skepticism

A

having the ability to determine what news is authentic and trustworthy and what isn’t

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22
Q

who are the founding women of psychology and what are their accomplishments

A
  • Washburn, first woman to receive a doctorate in psychology
  • Calkins, first female president of the APA and was denied her PhD due to her gender
  • Horney, focused on personality
  • Downey, first woman to head a psychology department at an American university
  • Clark, studied how children of colour grew to recognize racial differences
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22
what are hypotheses
if/then statements
22
what are the warning signs of pseudoscience
- exaggerated claims - overreliance on anecdotes - no connection to research or peer review - lack of self-correction - use of words that sound scientific but aren't - proof rather than evidence
22
what are theories
broad explanations for observable and true facts
22
what are the principles of scientific thinking
- ruling out rival hypotheses - correlation vs causation - falsifiability - replicability - extraordinary claims - occam’s razor
22
what is operationalization
the process of turning something into a specific procedure that can be measured
22
what is an independent variable
the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter
22
what is perception
how stimuli is interpreted
22
what is sensation
the activation of the sense organs
22
what are representative samples
groups of people that are formed with the goal of accurately representing a certain group of people
23
what is random assignment
participants are assigned to different experimental groups or “conditions” on the basis of chance and chance alone
23
what is a dependent variable
dependent variable is the variable that is expected to change as a result of the experimenter’s manipulation
23
what is a correlation
two variables that are connected in some way
23
what are mean, median, and mode
- mean is the total divided by the number of participants - median is the middle, which splits the sample in half - mode is the most common score in the data
23
what is top-down processing
perception which is guided by higher-level knowledge, experience, expectations, and motivations
23
what is the difference between sensation and perception
stimuli is all sensed the same way, but it may be perceived differently from person to person
23
what is transduction
sense receptors sending signals to the brain for interpretation
23
what are response sets
when inquiries are answered differently than they would have if it was asked in a different way
23
what is bottom-up processing
perception in which we recognize and process information from individual components of a stimuli and moving to the perception of a whole
23
what is the absolute threshold
the smallest intensity that an object requires for our senses to pick up on it
24
what is a just noticeable difference
the smallest level of added or reduced stimuli required for our senses to pick up on a change
25
what is signal detection theory
how absolute threshold holds under ideal conditions
26
what is sensory adaptation
when we adapt to a certain sense
27
what are rods and cones
rods are thin cells in the retina that are highly sensitive to light and cones are cone-shaped cells that are responsible for colour perception
28
what is saturation
saturation describes the vividness in a colour
29
what is hue
an attribute of colour in which we are able to distinguish one colour from another
30
what is brightness
the amount of light in a colour
31
what is the trichromatic theory of colour blindness
there are 3 types of cones in the eye, each responsible for a different amount of wavelengths or colours
32
what is perceptual constancy
physical objects being perceived as consistent despite changes in their appearance or the environment
33
what are the gestalt principles
a series of principles that describe how we organize information, including closure, proximity, similarity, and simplicity
34
why is sleep important
- evolution - restoration of our brain and body - memory and learning - development
35
what are the consequences of sleep deprivation
- weariness - irritability - lack of emotional regulation and concentration - decline in logical reasoning and creativity
36
what are the stages of sleep
- stage 1 is the transition between wakefulness and sleep that is characterized by relatively rapid, low-voltage brain waves - stage 2 is characterized by slower, more regular waves and momentary interruptions of sharp waves called sleep spindles - in stage 3 brain waves become slower with an appearance of higher peaks and lower valleys in the wave pattern - stage 4 is the deepest stage of sleep where people are least responsive to outside stimuli and the wave patterns are slower and more regular
37
what is REM sleep
- paralysis of the body - increased and irregular heart rate - increase in blood pressure and breathing rate - most dreaming occurs during REM - babies spend almost half of their sleep time in REM while older adults spend 15% of their sleep time in REM
38
what is insomnia
difficulty staying or falling asleep
39
what is sleep apnea
difficulties in breathing while sleeping
40
what are night terrors
sudden awakenings from non-REM sleep
41
what is narcolepsy
go directly from wakefulness to REM sleep
42
what is sleep-walking/talking
walking around or talking during sleep
43
what is sleep paralysis
inability to speak or perform any other voluntary muscle movements during sleep
44
how are nightmares different from night terrors
night terrors are classified as a disorder and are sudden awakenings, while nightmares are bad dreams
45
what is wish fulfilment theory
the view that dreams are a guide to the unconscious
46
what is the dreams for survival theory
critical information for survival is repeated in our dreams
47
what is activation synthesis theory
the view that electrical energy is produced during REM and create a story
48
what are psychoactive drugs
substances that influence a persons emotions, behaviours, and/or perceptions
49
what are the different categories of psychoactive drugs
stimulants, depressants, opiods, hallucinogens, cannabis
50
what are the primary effects of stimulants
- increased energy, alertness, blood pressure and heart rate - insomnia - paranoia - decreased appetite
51
what are the primary effects of depressants
- intoxication - reduced anxiety - sleepiness - impaired motor function - slower reaction time
52
what are the primary effects of opiods
- impaired co-ordination - mental functioning - nausea - death
53
what are the primary effects of hallucinogens
- sensory awareness - euphoria - altered perceptual and emotional experiences - mood swings
54
what are the primary effects of cannabis
effects vary from person to person and can range from euphoria to paranoia
55
what psychoactive drugs are likely to lead to addiction or dependence
stimulants and depressants are more addictive than hallucinogens

psyc 1010 (2 decks)

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