Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

psyc 1010 > quiz 1 > Flashcards

quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are axons

A

axons carry messages for other neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are dendrites

A

dendrites receive messages from other neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are glial cells

A

glial cells act as support as well as provide nourishment, insulate and help repair damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is myelination

A

myelination is the process in which neurons are insulated, occurring during major periods of development and corresponds with language development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are synapses

A

synapses are the spaces between two neurons where an active axon communicates with an active dendrite using chemical messages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are synaptic vesicles

A

synaptic vesicles travel down the axon until they burst, and contain neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is resting potential

A

the state in which the neuron has a negative charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is action potential

A

an electric nerve impulse that travels through a neuron’s axon when it is set off by a trigger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that carry messages across the synapse to the dendrite of a receiver neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are some of the methods of measuring brain activity

A
  • MRIs take images from multiple angles from pulses from a large electromagnet to detect various substances
  • fMRI’s can be used to track blood flow in the brain as blood flow can be associated with brain activity
  • PET scans show biochemical activity in the brain at any given moment, and can be used to pick up on memory problems and brain tumours
  • TMS scans expose a tiny region of the brain to a strong magnetic field which causes a temporary pause in electrical activity, and has the potential to treat psychological disorders such as depression and schizophrenia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the different lobes of the brain and what are they responsible for

A
  • the frontal lobe is responsible for voluntary movement
  • the parietal love is responsible for the aility to perceive touch and pressure
  • the temporal lobe is responsible for hearing
  • the occiptal lobe is responsible for vision
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are some consequences for each lobe if they were to be damaged

A

frontal lobe: speech may become extremly difficult to complete
parietal lobe: ability to feel pain or pressure may be affected
temporal lobe: understanding others’ speech and production of language may be affected
occiptal lobe: seeing and processing images may become difficult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the two central nervous systems and what do they consist of

A

the central nervous system is composed of the brain and the spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system consists of all parts of the nervous system that are not the brain or spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

A
  • the sympathetic system is responsible for preparing the body in stressful, emergency situations
  • the parasympathetic system is responsible for calming the body down after the emergency situation that activated the sympathetic system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are split brain patients

A

people who have had their corpus callosum surgically cut to stop seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is neuroplasticity

A

the brain’s ability to rewire itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the limbic system

A

controls eating, aggression and reproduction, and includes the hippocampus and amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are hormones

A

hormones are chemicals that circulate through the blood and regulate the functioning and growth of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how do hormones differ from neurotransmitters

A
  • neurons take seconds to reach their destination, while hormones may take minutes
  • neurons move in specific lines, while hormones travel through the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is structuralism

A

uncovering the fundamental mental components of consciousness, thinking, and other kinds of mental states and activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is functionalism

A

concentrates on what the mind did, rather than what the mind is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the 5 major perspectives in psychology and what are they about

A
  • neuroscience views behaviour from the perspective of biological functioning
  • psychodynamic believes behaviour is motivated by unconscious forces over which an individual has little control
  • behavioural focuses on observable behaviour
  • cognitive examines how people view and think about the world
  • humanistic believes that people can control their behaviour and that they naturally try to fulfill their full potential
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is scientific skepticism

A

having the ability to determine what news is authentic and trustworthy and what isn’t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

who are the founding women of psychology and what are their accomplishments

A
  • Washburn, first woman to receive a doctorate in psychology
  • Calkins, first female president of the APA and was denied her PhD due to her gender
  • Horney, focused on personality
  • Downey, first woman to head a psychology department at an American university
  • Clark, studied how children of colour grew to recognize racial differences
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are hypotheses

A

if/then statements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the warning signs of pseudoscience

A
  • exaggerated claims
  • overreliance on anecdotes
  • no connection to research or peer review
  • lack of self-correction
  • use of words that sound scientific but aren’t
  • proof rather than evidence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are theories

A

broad explanations for observable and true facts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the principles of scientific thinking

A
  • ruling out rival hypotheses
  • correlation vs causation
  • falsifiability
  • replicability
  • extraordinary claims
  • occam’s razor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is operationalization

A

the process of turning something into a specific procedure that can be measured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is an independent variable

A

the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is perception

A

how stimuli is interpreted

22
Q

what is sensation

A

the activation of the sense organs

22
Q

what are representative samples

A

groups of people that are formed with the goal of accurately representing a certain group of people

23
Q

what is random assignment

A

participants are assigned to different experimental groups or “conditions” on the basis of chance and chance alone

23
Q

what is a dependent variable

A

dependent variable is the variable that is expected to change as a result of the experimenter’s manipulation

23
Q

what is a correlation

A

two variables that are connected in some way

23
Q

what are mean, median, and mode

A
  • mean is the total divided by the number of participants
  • median is the middle, which splits the sample in half
  • mode is the most common score in the data
23
Q

what is top-down processing

A

perception which is guided by higher-level knowledge, experience, expectations, and motivations

23
Q

what is the difference between sensation and perception

A

stimuli is all sensed the same way, but it may be perceived differently from person to person

23
Q

what is transduction

A

sense receptors sending signals to the brain for interpretation

23
Q

what are response sets

A

when inquiries are answered differently than they would have if it was asked in a different way

23
Q

what is bottom-up processing

A

perception in which we recognize and process information from individual components of a stimuli and moving to the perception of a whole

23
Q

what is the absolute threshold

A

the smallest intensity that an object requires for our senses to pick up on it

24
Q

what is a just noticeable difference

A

the smallest level of added or reduced stimuli required for our senses to pick up on a change

25
Q

what is signal detection theory

A

how absolute threshold holds under ideal conditions

26
Q

what is sensory adaptation

A

when we adapt to a certain sense

27
Q

what are rods and cones

A

rods are thin cells in the retina that are highly sensitive to light and cones are cone-shaped cells that are responsible for colour perception

28
Q

what is saturation

A

saturation describes the vividness in a colour

29
Q

what is hue

A

an attribute of colour in which we are able to distinguish one colour from another

30
Q

what is brightness

A

the amount of light in a colour

31
Q

what is the trichromatic theory of colour blindness

A

there are 3 types of cones in the eye, each responsible for a different amount of wavelengths or colours

32
Q

what is perceptual constancy

A

physical objects being perceived as consistent despite changes in their appearance or the environment

33
Q

what are the gestalt principles

A

a series of principles that describe how we organize information, including closure, proximity, similarity, and simplicity

34
Q

why is sleep important

A
  • evolution
  • restoration of our brain and body
  • memory and learning
  • development
35
Q

what are the consequences of sleep deprivation

A
  • weariness
  • irritability
  • lack of emotional regulation and concentration
  • decline in logical reasoning and creativity
36
Q

what are the stages of sleep

A
  • stage 1 is the transition between wakefulness and sleep that is characterized by relatively rapid, low-voltage brain waves
  • stage 2 is characterized by slower, more regular waves and momentary interruptions of sharp waves called sleep spindles
  • in stage 3 brain waves become slower with an appearance of higher peaks and lower valleys in the wave pattern
  • stage 4 is the deepest stage of sleep where people are least responsive to outside stimuli and the wave patterns are slower and more regular
37
Q

what is REM sleep

A
  • paralysis of the body
  • increased and irregular heart rate
  • increase in blood pressure and breathing rate
  • most dreaming occurs during REM
  • babies spend almost half of their sleep time in REM while older adults spend 15% of their sleep time in REM
38
Q

what is insomnia

A

difficulty staying or falling asleep

39
Q

what is sleep apnea

A

difficulties in breathing while sleeping

40
Q

what are night terrors

A

sudden awakenings from non-REM sleep

41
Q

what is narcolepsy

A

go directly from wakefulness to REM sleep

42
Q

what is sleep-walking/talking

A

walking around or talking during sleep

43
Q

what is sleep paralysis

A

inability to speak or perform any other voluntary muscle movements during sleep

44
Q

how are nightmares different from night terrors

A

night terrors are classified as a disorder and are sudden awakenings, while nightmares are bad dreams

45
Q

what is wish fulfilment theory

A

the view that dreams are a guide to the unconscious

46
Q

what is the dreams for survival theory

A

critical information for survival is repeated in our dreams

47
Q

what is activation synthesis theory

A

the view that electrical energy is produced during REM and create a story

48
Q

what are psychoactive drugs

A

substances that influence a persons emotions, behaviours, and/or perceptions

49
Q

what are the different categories of psychoactive drugs

A

stimulants, depressants, opiods, hallucinogens, cannabis

50
Q

what are the primary effects of stimulants

A
  • increased energy, alertness, blood pressure and heart rate
  • insomnia
  • paranoia
  • decreased appetite
51
Q

what are the primary effects of depressants

A
  • intoxication
  • reduced anxiety
  • sleepiness
  • impaired motor function
  • slower reaction time
52
Q

what are the primary effects of opiods

A
  • impaired co-ordination
  • mental functioning
  • nausea
  • death
53
Q

what are the primary effects of hallucinogens

A
  • sensory awareness
  • euphoria
  • altered perceptual and emotional experiences
  • mood swings
54
Q

what are the primary effects of cannabis

A

effects vary from person to person and can range from euphoria to paranoia

55
Q

what psychoactive drugs are likely to lead to addiction or dependence

A

stimulants and depressants are more addictive than hallucinogens

psyc 1010 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions