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GEOG 245 > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the essentialist perspective related to race?

A

Race as biology; 4 sub species of Homo sapiens (native Americans, whites, blacks, and Asians)

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2
Q

What is the social constructionist perspective related to race?

A

Race is a concept that is used to reinforce and perpetuate social differences and discriminations

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3
Q

What is the critical race theory perspective related to race?

A

Patterns and practices (laws and how the government operates) reinforces discriminatory beliefs, values, and distribution and resources

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4
Q

When was ‘color’ added to the census as a classification?

A

1850 (white, black, and mulatto); “free” inhabitants and slave inhabitants

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5
Q

What does the census tell us about race?

A

The census has always reflected and helped shape social divisions

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6
Q

Why do we continue to ask the race question?

A

We need to measure race to be able to address racial inequities

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7
Q

List a couple things the federal government does to help with racial equities

A

-enforcing the requirements of the voting rights act
-reviewing state congressional redistricting plans
-enforcing the equal credit opportunity act
-monitoring and enforcing the fair housing act

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8
Q

What are the 4 central frameworks of color-blind ideology (Bonilla-Silva)?

A
  1. Abstract liberalism (explaining racial matters in an abstract, decontextualized manner)
  2. Naturalization (naturalizing racial outcomes such as neighborhood segregation)
  3. Cultural racism (attributing racial differences to cultural practices)
  4. Minimization of racism
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9
Q

What was the largest group of people immigrating to the US between 1880-1920?

A

Eastern/Southern European, they also worked the most dangerous/dirty jobs

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10
Q

In a historical context, what does it mean to say “skin color meant life or death?”

A

Immigrants were pushed into really harsh situations/conditions, and as a result, it was tied to their biology

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11
Q

Give an examples of how race is a social construct in relation to black ancestry

A

VA: black person is 1/16th ancestry
FL: black person is 1/8th ancestry
AL: black person is ANY ancestry

Proves the race is a social construct because courts were deciding what race people were

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12
Q

What is the significance of the Takao Ozawa and Thind cases?

A

They were both instances where the Supreme Court ruled that someone wasn’t white enough to become a U.S. citizen.
“White is what the common man said white was”

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13
Q

What happened as a result of Thind?

A

South Asians were stripped of American citizenship and property was seized

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14
Q

When we’re race requirements removed for naturalization?

A

1952

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15
Q

What is redlining?

A

The Federal Housing administration along with the national association of realtors would outline neighborhoods that were “undesirable” in red on maps; this is where black people lived and where they were supposed to stay

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16
Q

What happened as a result of the Urban Renewal?

A

90% of all housing projects that were torn down were not replaced; black and Latino people were displaced

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17
Q

What is block busting?

A

Realtors preyed on white home owners to sell their homes in neighborhoods where blacks were moving in @ less than market value; those same homes were then sold to black families @ inflated prices

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18
Q

What did the Fair Housing Act do?

A

Racial language removed from housing law

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19
Q

Why are we still segregated after this long out from Jim Crow?

A

The geography, the laws that put groups at a disadvantage. Housing especially; houses appreciate in value and while families built lots of generational wealth and equity whereas black families are generations behind due to redlining

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20
Q

When is the world population anticipated to hit 10 billion?

A

2050

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21
Q

What is the balancing equation?

A

An equation that includes all components of population change (births, deaths, immigration, and emigration)

P1+(B-D)+(I-E)=P2

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22
Q

What is natural increase?

A

Natural increase is the surplus (or deficit) of births over deaths in a population in a given period of time

NI = B - D

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23
Q

What is the rate of natural increase?

A

The rate at which a population is increasing (or decreasing) in a given year due to a surplus (or deficit) of births over deaths, expressed as a percentage of the base population

Rate of NI = (B-D)/total pop x K

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24
Q

What is growth rate?

A

Growth rate is the rate at which a population is increasing (or decreasing) in a given year due to natural increase and net migration, expressed as a percentage of the base population

Growth rate = (B-D) +- net migration/total pop x K

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25
Q

What is doubling time?

A

How fast it would take for a country’s population to double; divide 70 by the growth rate expressed as a percent

Ex: a country with a constant growth rate of 1% would double its population in about 70 years

Doubling time cannot be used to project future population size because it assumes a constant growth over decades

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26
Q

What is the Demographic Transition Theory?

A

-most widely accepted theory explaining population change over time

-a populations fertility and mortality will decline from high to low levels as a result of economic and social development

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27
Q

What are the stages of the Demographic Transition Theory?

A

Stage 1: high stationary stage
-high fertility, high mortality, variable population
-little long term growth

Stage 2: early expanding stage
-high fertility, declining mortality
-population growth

Stage 3: late expanding stage
-declining fertility, already low mortality
-still significant growth

Stage 4: low stationary stage
-low fertility, low mortality
-very low rate of growth

28
Q

What are some criticisms of the DTT?

A

-based on the demographic experience of Europe
-assumed all other countries will progress similarly
-doesn’t take into account how developed countries have hurt countries who aren’t as developed as by robbing them of their resources

29
Q

What is fertility?

A

Fertility refers to the actual reproductive performance of a population. It is the number of live births occurring in a population

Crude birth rate: # of births per 1000 pop

30
Q

What is fecundity?

A

Fecundity refers to the physiological potential to reproduce

31
Q

What is Theoretical Maximum?

A

It’s the estimate of how many children a fecund woman could produce in her lifetime (Hutterite family study, Shipibo Indians study)

32
Q

Name three factors that affect fertility rate

A
  1. Biological determinants
  2. Social-cultural determinants
  3. Economic determinants
33
Q

What biological determinants affect fertility?

A

Age: reproductive years 15-44 (sometimes 49)

Health and nutrition:
Poor health/nutrition can reduce fertility (underweight children)

Environment:
Stressed populations tend to have fewer males than females, possible correlation between sperm count and pollution

34
Q

What social-cultural determinants affect fertility?

A

Marriage:
The age of marriage

Contraception:
Availability of contraception and social attitudes towards their use

Access to abortion

35
Q

What economic determinants affect fertility?

A

Inverse relationships:
-fertility and income per capita
-fertility and urbanization

36
Q

What is the Human Development Index?

A

It’s a measure of the overall quality of life in a country based on life expectancy, education, and income per capita

The higher the HDI, the lower the fertility rate

37
Q

How is fertility measured?

A

Period measures:
-crude birth rate
-general fertility rate
-child: woman ratio

Cohort measures:
-age specific fertility rate
-total fertility rate
-gross reproduction rate
-net reproduction rate

38
Q

What is period data?

A

Refers to a cross-section of time, examines a cross-section of the population in a given year

39
Q

What is cohort data?

A

Follows the same people over a period of time

Ex: follows the fertility of a group of women as they proceed through the child bearing years

40
Q

Crude birth rate

A

Number of live births in year XXXX/mid year population in year XXXX

Multiplied by 1000

41
Q

General fertility rate

A

The number of live births per 1000 women ages 15-49 in a given year

42
Q

Child-woman ratio

A

Number of children under the age of 5 per 1000 women of childbearing age in a given year

43
Q

Age specific fertility rates

A

Used to calculate the fertility rate for a specific age group (usually five year increments, 20-24, 24-29)

44
Q

Completed fertility rate/children ever born

A

How many children a certain age cohort of women who have completed childbearing actually produced during their childbearing years

45
Q

What is the total fertility rate?

A

The average number of children that would be born to a woman by the time she ended childbearing if she were to pass through all her childbearing years conforming to the age-specific fertility rates of a given year

One of the most useful indicators of fertility because it gives the best picture of how many children women are currently having

46
Q

What is the gross reproduction rate

A

The average number of daughters that would be born to a woman during her lifetime if she passed through her childbearing years conforming to the age specific fertility rates of a given year

47
Q

What is the net reproduction rate?

A

Extension of the GRR but takes into account age specific mortality

48
Q

How much has the US population grown since 2010?

A

7.4% (22.7 million people)

49
Q

Which states lost population?

A

Illinois, WV, and ME

50
Q

How much did the US population grow between July 2020-July 2021

A

0.12%

51
Q

What is the second demographic transition viewpoint?

A

It takes into account a lot more social challenges faced by society

-marriage (marrying later, divorce earlier and more often, long term partnerships instead)

-fertility (having kids later, effective contraception)

-societal background (rising symmetry in sex roles, rising female education levels, refusal of “authority”)

52
Q

What is mortality?

A

Mortality refers to deaths that occur within a population

The probability of dying during a given time period is linked to many factors such as age, sex, race, occupation, and social class

53
Q

What is the crude death rate?

A

The number of deaths per thousand population in a given year

54
Q

What is age-adjustment?

A

It’s a statistical process applied to rates of disease, death, injuries, or other health outcomes which allows communities with different age structures to be compared

55
Q

Why do we use age-adjusted rates?

A

Almost all diseases or health outcomes occur at different rates in different age groups.

-old people: chronic diseases
-young people: injuries

56
Q

What is life expectancy?

A

The average time someone is expected to live

57
Q

What is the age-specific death rate?

A

Number of deaths in a given age group/total population in that age group

Multiplied by a constant

58
Q

What is the infant mortality rate?

A

Number of deaths under 1 year old/number of live births

Multiplied by a constant

59
Q

What is the maternal mortality rate?

A

Number of maternal deaths/number of live births

Multiplied by a constant

60
Q

What is the cause specific death rate?

A

Number of deaths from a specific cause/total population

Multiplied by a constant

61
Q

What is the case fatality rate?

A

Number of deaths from a specific cause/number of cases of that cause

Multiplied by a constant

62
Q

What is morbidity?

A

Refers to the disease and illness, injuries and disabilities in a population

The rate of incidence of a disease in a population

63
Q

What is the incidence rate?

A

The number of people contracting a disease during a given time period per 1000 population at risk

64
Q

What is the prevalence rate?

A

The number of people who have a particular disease at a given point in time per 1000 population

65
Q

What were the top 3 leading causes of death in 2020?

A
  1. Heart disease
  2. Cancer
  3. Covid-19
66
Q

How much higher are legal intervention deaths amongst blacks compared to whites?

A

2.8 times greater

67
Q

What is the life expectancy of someone living in the US?

A

77

GEOG 245 (3 decks)

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