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The Human Organism > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Histology

A

The study of tissues

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2
Q

4 main types of tissues

A

Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous

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3
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Covers all surfaces of the body; external, inner lining of some organ systems, exocrine glands

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4
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Glands that secrete substances through a duct opening onto the epithelial surface (salivary, sweat, sebaceous/oil)

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5
Q

Epithelial tissue is characterized by…

A

Closely packed cells, little-no extracellular matrix, a basal layer which connects surface tissue to connective tissue, avascular, rapid replacement of damaged cells

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6
Q

Epithelial cell shapes

A

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar

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7
Q

Squamous cells

A

Very flat, scale-like cells in the upper part of the epidermis, which are constantly shed as new ones form

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8
Q

Cuboidal cells

A

Cube-shaped cells; found in the epithelium lining of the ducts and tubules

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9
Q

Columnar cells

A

Column-like/rectangular cells; some are ciliated, found in tissues and organs

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10
Q

Epithelial cell layers

A

Simple, stratified, pseudostratified

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11
Q

Simple cell layer

A

One layer; seen in diffusion/gas exchange

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12
Q

Stratified cell layer

A

More than one layer; seen in regions that are exposed to friction or stretch

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13
Q

Pseudostratified cell layer

A

Tissue with a single layer of irregularly shaped and sized cells, which gives the illusion of multiple layers; found in ducts of certain glands and the upper respiratory tract

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14
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

One layer of thin cells; allows materials to pass through by diffusion and filtration, and to create lubricating substances; prominent nucleus

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15
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

Multiple layers of thin cells; lines areas where there’s a lot of abrasion

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16
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

One layer of cube-shaped cells; active in secretion and absorption of molecules in tubules, ducts, and glands because of their large surface area

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17
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

One layer of rectangular-shaped cells; specialized for in absorption in tissues and organs because of cilia (larger surface area)

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18
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

One layer of irregularly shaped and sized cells; nuclei of neighboring cells appears to be at different levels, giving the appearance of stratification; found in certain ducts and glands and the upper respiratory tract (goblet cells); secretes the main component of mucus

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19
Q

Connective tisse

A

Serves to hold in place, connect, and integrate the body’s organs and systems; consists of cells, ground substance, and protein fibers

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20
Q

Types of connective tissue

A

Dense, bones and cartilage, loose, and fluid

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21
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

Large amounts of fibers surrounding cells and provides elasticity and protection; includes tendons and ligaments

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22
Q

Bone and cartilage

A

Specialized cells (osteocytes and chondrocytes), very little ground substance

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23
Q

Ground substance

A

Fluid or semi-fluid portion of the matrix

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24
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

Shows little cell specialization and contains large amounts of ground substance and few fibers (also called areolar tissue); connects and surround organs, and makes up walls of blood vessels; includes adipose (fat) tissue

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25
Q

Fluid connective tissue

A

Blood and lymph fluid; specialized cells that circulate in a watery fluid containing salts, nutrients, and dissolved proteins; no fibers, only ground substance

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26
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Thick collagen fibers surrounding the chondrocytes; provides compressibility between vertebrae, joints, and pubic bones, as it can take a lot of pressure

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27
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Surrounds chondrocytes; has many more elastic fibers; provides firm support and elastic support (ex. outer ear and epiglotis)

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28
Q

Adipose connective tissue

A

Stores fat for energy and provides insulation; very little extracellular matrix; looks like simple squamous epithelial tissue, but nuclei are pushed off to the side and aren’t as obvious

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29
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Produces movement; capable of contracting and generating tension in response to stimulation

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30
Q

Muscle tissue is characterized by…

A

Excitability (receive and respond to stimulus), contractility (shorten with force), elasticity (recoil and return to original length), and extensibility (stretch/lengthen)

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31
Q

Muscle tissue is categorized by…

A

Cell type, location, and physiological activity

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32
Q

Types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

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33
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

Cells are multinucleated and striated, under voluntary control, and usually attaches to bone

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34
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

Cells are striated, single nucleated, and branched; under involuntary control; found only in the walls of the heart; connected by intercalated discs, which supports synchronized contraction of cardiac tissue (pumps blood)

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35
Q

Smooth muscle tissue

A

Not striated and are single nucleated; under involuntary control; makes up walls of interior organs; mixes and propels food through the digestive tract, moves urine through the urinary tract, and moves blood through blood vessels

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36
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Capable of sending and receiving electrical and chemical signals; part of the major communication system

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37
Q

Nervous tissue is composed of…

A

Neurons and glial cells

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38
Q

Neurons

A

Excitable neural cell that transfers nerve impulses; communication cell

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39
Q

Glial cell

A

Provides physical and chemical support to neurons and maintain their environment

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40
Q

3 parts of the neuron

A

Cell body (soma), dendrites, and axon

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41
Q

Integumentary system

A

Skin and its accessory structures (sweat and oil glands, hair, nails); covers and protects the body from the external environment

42
Q

General functions of the integumentary system

A

protect against invasion and dehydration, regulation of body temperature, sensory detection, synthesis, excretion

43
Q

Layers of the skin

A

Epidermis and demis

44
Q

How does the integumentary system protect the body?

A

Keratinized barrier, immune cells, melanin, acid mantle

45
Q

Integumentary system synthesis

A

Vitamin D3 from the sun, converted to calcitriol, which regulates bone growth

46
Q

Integumentary system excretion

A

Sweat glands excrete salt, water, organic waste product of metabolism

47
Q

Keratinization

A

Formation of a layer of dead, protective cells filled with keratin (surface of the skin)

48
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

Outer epidermis (superficial epithelial layer only containing epithelial cells) and dermis (beneath epidermis, mostly connective tissue)

49
Q

Subcutaneous tissue

A

Loose connective tissue, hypodermis, not technically part of the cutaneous

50
Q

Epidermal derivatives

A

cells that originally develop in the epidermis and sink inward during development to form hair, exocrine glands, and nail

51
Q

Epidermis characteristics

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, avascular, and distinct layers

52
Q

Cell types of the epidermis

A

Keratinocytes (produces keratin and most predominant cell in epidermis), melanocytes (produce melanin), langerhan cells (immune cells), and merkel cells (form touch receptors with sensory neurons)

53
Q

Layers of the epidermis

A

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum

54
Q

Stratum basale/germinativum

A

Deepest layer of the epidermis, made up of epidermal stem cells, single layer, firmly attached to the dermis below by the basement membrane

55
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

Superficial to basale, 8-10 layers of keratinocytes bound by desmosomes

56
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

Superficial to spinosum, 3-5 layers of flat dying cells, keratinization begins here

57
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

Between granulosum and corneum, “clear” layer found only in thick skin of palms, soles, and digits; provides extra protection

58
Q

Stratum corneum

A

Most superficial layer of the epidermis; 15-30 layers of flat dead cells filled with keratin; barrier to light, heat, water, chemicals, and bacteria; provides most of the epidermal thickness; continuously she and replaced in large groups or sheets of cells

59
Q

Epidermal growth factor

A

Responsible for promoting the division of germinativum cells; accelerated production of keratin and stimulates epidermal growth and repair

60
Q

Carotene

A

Orange-yellow skin pigment, accumulates in stratum corneum

61
Q

Melanin

A

Yellow-brown, brown, or black skin pigment, produced by melanocytes, defense mechanism against UV radiation

62
Q

Skin color and circulation

A

Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells; when circulation is good and blood vessels dilate, the skin is red; when circulation is poor and blood vessels constrict, skin pales

63
Q

Jaundice

A

Yellow staining of skin and white part of eye

64
Q

Pallor

A

Paleness

65
Q

Cyanotic

A

Reduction in blood flow/oxygen; blueish tint

66
Q

Erythema

A

Skin is red; infection, inflammation, allergies, etc.

67
Q

Dermis

A

Located between the epidermis and the subcutaneous layer, composed mainly of connective tissue, contains blood vessels, hair follicles, glands, and nerves

68
Q

2 components of the dermis

A

Papillary layer and reticular layer

69
Q

Papillary layer

A

Superficial layer of the dermis; made of loose, areolar connective tissue; contains capillaries and sensory neurons

70
Q

Reticular layer

A

Deep layer of the dermis; consists of dense irregular connective tissue (contains collagen and elastic fibers); contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerve fibers, smooth muscle, oil glands, sweat gland ducts, and hair follicles

71
Q

Lines of cleavage

A

Linear clefts in the skin that indicate the direction of orientation of the underlying collagen fibers

72
Q

Hypodermis

A

Connective tissue connecting the integument to the underlying bone and muscle (adipose and areolar connective tissue); stabilizes the position of the skin; provides insulation, shock absorption, and energy reserves

73
Q

Major types of open wounds

A

Abrasions, incisions, lacerations, punctures, avulsions, and amputations

74
Q

Abrasions

A

Scraping of skin on rough surface

75
Q

Incisions

A

Sharp cut where edges are very clean

76
Q

Lacerations

A

Cut that does not have clean edges

77
Q

Punctures

A

Penetration of skin by sharp object

78
Q

Avulsion

A

Skin is torn from tissues beneath is

79
Q

Amputation

A

Removal of body part

80
Q

Epidermal healing

A

Cells in stratum basale migrate to fill in where epidermal cells are missing, and divide rapidly until the wound is filled

81
Q

Deep wound healing

A

Formation of blood clot; fibroblasts mobilize and proliferate to repair damaged tissue by depositing collagen fibers; blood capillaries increase blood circulation and oxygen supply, macrophages engulf foreign matter; scar formation

82
Q

Scar

A

Collagen-rich skin formed after the process of wound healing that is different from normal skin

83
Q

Keloids

A

Overproduction of collagen; raised scar

84
Q

Skin graft

A

Surgically removed healthy skin that is used to cover a wound that cannot be closed with sutures or staples

85
Q

Types of burns

A

Thermal, electrical, chemical, and radiation

86
Q

First-degree/superficial burn

A

Only affects epidermis; localized redness, swelling, and pain; rarely serious and typically heal by themselves

87
Q

Second-degree or partial thickness burn

A

Affect epidermis and upper portion of dermis; very painful; red, tan, white; listers abre characteristic (cause epidermis and dermis to separate and fluid enters the space)

88
Q

Third-degree/partial thickness burns

A

Involve epidermis and all dermal layers/tissue; dry and leathery; gray-white, dark brown, black; charred appearance; very little to no pain, but surrounding areas are very painful

89
Q

Fourth-degree/deep full-thickness burns

A

Extends past dermis to deep tissue, muscle, and bone; charred, hard to the touch; very severe; medical intervention necessary (surgery/skin grafts); permanent disability and often requires amputation

90
Q

Hypothermia

A

Disruption of skin and its ability to thermoregulate; body temp drops below normal range and loses heat faster than it can produce

91
Q

Hypovolemia

A

Severe loss of body fluid

92
Q

Infection

A

Greatest risk of burn; keeping patients in a sterile environment, giving IV antibiotics, and debridement very important; can result in sepsis

93
Q

Eczema

A

Group of medical conditions that causes inflammation and irritation of the skin; overactive immune system to irritants is expected cause

94
Q

Psoriasis

A

Build up (plaques) of red patches covered with white scales

95
Q

Acne

A

Skin condition due to infected sebaceous glands; inflammation of sebaceous glands

96
Q

Decubitus ulcers

A

Sore on the skin that develops when regions of the body start necrotizing due to constant pressure and lack of blood supply

97
Q

Impetigo

A

Bacterial infection most commonly caused by staph and strep

98
Q

Viral infection examples

A

Herpes, chickenpox

99
Q

Fungal infection examples

A

Athlete’s foot, ringowrm

100
Q

Scabies

A

Parasitic infection; human mites infest the skin, burrow and lay eggs; eggs hatch and mite migrate to the surface

101
Q

3 major types of skin cancer

A

Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma

102
Q

Signs of aging on the integumentary system

A

Epidermal thinning, decrease number of immune cells, decreased vitamin D3 production, decreased melanocyte activity, reduced blood supply, decrease in subcutaneous fat, decreased function of hair follicles, reduction of elastic fibers, and slower repair rate

The Human Organism (4 decks)

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