Quiz 2 Flashcards
Physical Properties of Sound
- Period
- Intensity
- Time
- Velocity
- Frequency
-Wavelength
Velocity
speed in a certain direction
(sound travels faster on a hot day than on a cold day)
When in normal atmospheric conditions sound travels through air at approximately…
1130 ft per second
Wavelength
- the length of a sound wave is the distance in space that one cycle occupies
- depends on two factors, the frequency of the vibration and the velocity of the sound wave
- we can measure it from any point in one cycle to the same point in the next cycle.
Higher frequency sounds =
shorter wavelength, occupy less space for each cycle than lower frequency sounds
FO =
Fundamental Frequency
Software for acoustic analysis…
- TS-32
- Visipitch
-Sona speech program
Resonance
natural resonant frequency (harmonics)
Name two resonators
- Nose
- Vocal Tract
Intensity/Amplitude (physical)
The amplitude of the vibration, which is the extent of particle displacement, is an indication of the intensity or power of the sound. measured in decibel (dB)
Loudness (perceptual)
the loudness of a signal is directly related to its intensity, so as intensity increases, the sound is judged by listeners to be louder
Pitch (perceptual)
As frequencies get higher it takes a larger change in frequency to cause a change in the sensation of pitch (mels)
mechanical Resonator
Vocal folds
Acoustic resonator
a body that contains air will resonate in response to sound containing frequencies that match the resonant frequencies of that body of air
Source Filter Theory
- Glottal Source
- Frequency response of neutral vocal tract: filter
- Filtered Output
Fourier Analysis
Creates a spectral plot-amplitude X frequency. The frequencies and amplitudes of the simpler waves (harmonic components) that make up waveforms are this delineated
Linear Predictive Coding
Analyzes the complex, constantly changing speech signal into a few values called parameters which change relatively slowly. Predictions can be made about sounds that might come next.
Muscle Movement (EMG)
- Records the electrical activity of muscles
- Measures level of activity
Physiological Measurements
- Laryngeal electromyography
- manometer (respiratory system)
- Spirometer (measures lung volume)
- Pneumotachograph (measures airflow)
Articulatory Analysis
- X-ray
- Palatometer
2 types of videostroboscopies
- Endoscopy
- Rigid Scope
Perceptual Properties of Sound
- Pitch
-Loudness
Tests for articulation
- GFTA-2
- CAAP
- PAT-3
Equation for wave length in normal atmospheric conditions…
(A symbol) = c/f
- c: 1130 ft (velocity)
- f: frequency
Lowest resonant frequency (LRF)
The lowest frequency in a sequence
Harmonics versus resident harmonic/frequency
Harmonics happen because of the vocal fold vibrating together.
Resident harmonics happen because your mouth shaped the sound.
Relationship of frequency to wave length
Frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional to each other
The wave with the greatest frequency has the shortest wave length
Boundary behaviors
When a wave hits a solid surface inverts from positive to negative
Soft surfaces, absorb energy and hard ones reflect
Interferene
Signals of the same frequency can interfere with each other
Often happens when the same frequency is generated from two sources, or when the signal is reflected from a barrier, such as a wall, and competes with itself
Man, general fundamental frequency
100 Hz
Woman, general fundamental frequency
200 Hz
Child, fundamental frequency
300 Hz
How to calculate, lowest resonant frequency (LRF)
F = C/4L
(Ex. (1130/4x2.3) = 1473 Hz)
How to calculate F2 and F3
F2 = LRFx3
F3 = LRFx5
Harmonics are
Whole number multiples
Resonant Harmonics are
Odd number multiples
Resonant Harmonics Sine waves go in
the same direction and increase the intensity/amplitude of sound, if they crash together they cancel out
